《翻译理论与实践》课程教学资源（作业习题）英汉翻译练习及答案-5 What is Biology

What is Biology?Biology is the study of all living thingsplants and animalsand their vitalprocesses. The two main divisions of biology are zoology, the study of animals, andbotany, the study of plants. Another biological discipline is physiology, the study ofthe functioning of organs and the chemical and physical processes in living things.Much of the current knowledge of physiology was obtained from studying theresponses of cells and tissues to imposed environmental changes. New techniqueshave extended the boundaries of physiology. For example, radioactive isotopes arenow used in the measurement of amounts andfluxes of substances present atlowconcentrationsinsidecellsand inextracellularfluids.Cytology,thestudyof cells,isthus related to physiology.The structure, function, and classification ofmicroorganisms, including protozoans, algae, molds, bacteria, and viruses, areconcerns ofmicrobiology.The study of the size, shape,and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms andthe relationships of their internal parts is called morphology. The term morphology issometimesconfusedwiththetermanatomy.Whereas anatomydescribesthestructureof organisms, by dissection and by other means, morphology is concerned withexplaining the shapes and arrangement of the parts of organisms as they relate toevolution, function, and development.Biophysics is concerned with the application of the principles and methods of thephysical sciencesto biologicalproblems.Major areasdeal with theinfluenceofphysical agents, such as electricity in nerves or mechanical force in muscles; theinteraction of living organisms with physical agents such as light or sound; andinteractions between liv ing things and their environment, as in locomotion, navigationandcommunication.Biochemistryisthestudyof thechemical substancesthat makeup cells and play a key role in chemical reactions vital to life.Genetics is the study of heredity in general and genes in particular. It has been appliedto the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hereditary diseases; to the breeding ofplants and animals; and to the development of industrial processes that usemicroorganisms.Among the many other fields of biology are embryology, the study of fetaldevelopment;ecology,the study of organisms and their interactions with otherorganisms and with their environment, and taxonomy,, the classification of plants andanimals.The development, care, and cultivation of trees are the subject of forestry生物学是什么？生物学就是对所有生物的研究一动物和植物一还有它们的生命过程。生物学有两种主要的类型是，动物学，对动物的研究，植物学，对植物的研究。生物学的另一个方面就是生态学，就是对所有生命的器官功能，化学和物理的过程。许多当今生理学的知识都是通过对细胞和组织对环境改变的反应来获得的。新科技使生理学得到了延展。例如，放射性同位数被当成细胞内和细胞外液的低浓度的数量和流量的一种测量尺度的物质。细胞学，即对细胞进行的研究，因而它涉及

What is Biology？ Biology is the study of all living things—plants and animals—and their vital processes. The two main divisions of biology are zoology, the study of animals, and botany, the study of plants. Another biological discipline is physiology, the study of the functioning of organs and the chemical and physical processes in living things. Much of the current knowledge of physiology was obtained from studying the responses of cells and tissues to imposed environmental changes. New techniques have extended the boundaries of physiology. For example, radioactive isotopes are now used in the measurement of amounts and fluxes of substances present at low concentrations inside cells and in extracellular fluids. Cytology, the study of cells, is thus related to physiology. The structure, function, and classification of microorganisms, including protozoans, algae, molds, bacteria, and viruses, are concerns of microbiology. The study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and the relationships of their internal parts is called morphology. The term morphology is sometimes confused with the term anatomy. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, by dissection and by other means, morphology is concerned with explaining the shapes and arrangement of the parts of organisms as they relate to evolution, function, and development. Biophysics is concerned with the application of the principles and methods of the physical sciences to biological problems. Major areas deal with the influence of physical agents, such as electricity in nerves or mechanical force in muscles; the interaction of living organisms with physical agents such as light or sound; and interactions between living things and their environment, as in locomotion, navigation, and communication. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances that make up cells and play a key role in chemical reactions vital to life. Genetics is the study of heredity in general and genes in particular. It has been applied to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hereditary diseases; to the breeding of plants and animals; and to the development of industrial processes that use microorganisms. Among the many other fields of biology are embryology, the study of fetal development; ecology, the study of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their environment; and taxonomy，, the classification of plants and animals. The development, care, and cultivation of trees are the subject of forestry。 生物学是什么？ 生物学就是对所有生物的研究—动物和植物—还有它们的生命过程。生物学 有两种主要的类型是，动物学，对动物的研究，植物学，对植物的研究。生物学 的另一个方面就是生态学，就是对所有生命的器官功能，化学和物理的过程。许 多当今生理学的知识都是通过对细胞和组织对环境改变的反应来获得的。新科技 使生理学得到了延展。例如，放射性同位数被当成细胞内和细胞外液的低浓度的 数量和流量的一种测量尺度的物质。细胞学，即对细胞进行的研究，因而它涉及

到生理学。结构，功能，和微生物的种类，包括原生动物，藻类，模子，细菌，和病毒，所有这样的微生物。对动物，植物，和微生物的尺度，形状，结构以及它们之间内部结构的关系的研究称为形态学。形态学容易和解剖学混淆。然而解部学是通过解部和其他方法描述机体的结构，形态学关注的是和各组织间的结构关系，以及它们的发展，进化和功能。生态力学是关于应用原则及物理方法和生物学的问题。主修区域是对物理因素的影响，例如电流存在于神经，机械能存在于肌肉中，生命组织与环境之间的相互作用，同时还一位已，航行，和交流。生物化学就是对化学物质的研究，也就是对组成细胞及在化学反应中起着关键作用的物质。遗传学就是对遗传的大致以及对基因的特别研究，它被应用于对遗传性疾病的诊断，预防，治疗。对于动植物的延续，和应用微生物发展工业的过程。在生物学研究中还有胚胎学，对胎儿发育的研究，生态学，对机体及机体之间和环境的研究，还有分类学，对动植物进行分类。对树木的种植，栽培，发展，就是林业学了

到生理学。结构，功能，和微生物的种类，包括原生动物，藻类，模子，细菌， 和病毒，所有这样的微生物。 对动物，植物，和微生物的尺度，形状，结构以及它们之间内部结构的关 系的研究称为形态学。形态学容易和解剖学混淆。然而解剖学是通过解剖和其他 方法描述机体的结构，形态学关注的是和各组织间的结构关系，以及它们的发展， 进化和功能。 生态力学是关于应用原则及物理方法和生物学的问题。主修区域是对物理因 素的影响，例如电流存在于神经，机械能存在于肌肉中，生命组织与环境之间的 相互作用，同时还一位已，航行，和交流。生物化学就是对化学物质的研究，也 就是对组成细胞及在化学反应中起着关键作用的物质。 遗传学就是对遗传的大致以及对基因的特别研究，它被应用于对遗传性疾病 的诊断，预防，治疗。对于动植物的延续，和应用微生物发展工业的过程。 在生物学研究中还有胚胎学，对胎儿发育的研究，生态学，对机体及机体之 间和环境的研究，还有分类学，对动植物进行分类。对树木的种植，栽培，发展， 就是林业学了