《翻译理论与实践》课程授课教案（汉英翻译）第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译（2/2）

Name of the Course:E-C TranslationWeek: FourLecture: FourAbstractTitle/topicUnitFour-OneSkills fortheTranslation of Words【Contents】■第一节词义的选择和引申■第一小节词义的选择（Selection）■第二小节词义的引申（Extension）■第三小节词义的褒贬（Color）.[Importantand Difficult Points】■第一小节词义的选择（Selection）■第二小节词义的引申（Extension）Details【Sub-SectionOne】词义的选择1■一词多类：一词往往属于几个词类E一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中有几个不同的意义■词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手：■词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手：■（一）根据词在句中的词类(partofspeech)来选择和确定意义■Hestill lives.活着He lives with his parents.（住）词义的选择2 There's a real live [laiv] burglar under my bed.■在我床下真有一个盗贼！（真的）■livefish活鱼（活的）It'salivebroadcast那是现场直播。（现场播出的）■（二）根据上下文(context）联系以及词在句中的搭配关系(collocation）来选择和确定词义。■Mywatchhasrundown.（因未上弦而停动）Waterisrunningshort.（变成）My school runs afactory.（经营）

Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Four Lecture: Four Abstract Title/topic Unit Four-One Skills for the Translation of Words 【Contents】 ▪ 第一节 词义的选择和引申 ▪ 第一小节 词义的选择（Selection） ▪ 第二小节 词义的引申（Extension） ▪ 第三小节 词义的褒贬（Color） ▪ 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 词义的选择（Selection） ▪ 第二小节 词义的引申（Extension） Details 【Sub-Section One】 词义的选择 1 ▪ 一词多类：一词往往属于几个词类 ▪ 一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中有几个不同的意义 ▪ 词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手： ▪ 词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手： ▪ （一）根据词在句中的词类(part of speech)来选择和确定意义 ▪ He still lives. 活着 ▪ He lives with his parents.（住） 词义的选择 2 ▪ There’s a real live [laiv] burglar under my bed. ▪ 在我床下真有一个盗贼！（真的） ▪ live fish 活鱼 （活的） ▪ It’s a live broadcast. 那是现场直播。（现场播出的） ▪ （二）根据上下文(context) 联系以及词在句中的搭配关系(collocation) 来选择 和确定词义。 ▪ My watch has run down.（因未上弦而停动） ▪ Water is running short.（变成） ▪ My school runs a factory.（经营）

【Sub-SectionTwo】词义的引申1■将词义作抽象化的引申■将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.■帝国主义的性格既残暴，又狡猬。- Every life has its roses and thorns.■每个人的生活都有甜有苦。词义的引申2·将词义作具体化引申■英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。-Vietnamwashis entreetothenewAdministration■越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。·2．英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。ThecarinfrontofmestoppedandImissedthegreen■我前面那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。词义的引申3■就是在原来词义的基础上把词义适当加以引申，从而达到确切表达原文精神实质的目的。■只在原有词义不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解或嗨涩不通时才可以作词义引申。■具体有以下两种方法：1）词义扩展或转译2）借增词而引申词义1)Forceanddistancemeasuretheamountofwork直接翻译：力和距离测量功的量。■通过增词引申处理：·“通过力和距离可算出做功的量”词义的引申4■英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申：1)Dust has a very important part in the work of nature■灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。- 2) When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions■我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。3)Agastakesboththesize andtheshapeof container，气体的体积和形状随容器而异

【Sub-Section Two】 词义的引申 1 ▪ 将词义作抽象化的引申 ▪ 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 ▪ There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. ▪ 帝国主义的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 ▪ Every life has its roses and thorns. ▪ 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 词义的引申 2 ▪ 将词义作具体化引申 ▪ 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般 可作具体化引申。 ▪ Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration. ▪ 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。 ▪ 2. 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须 作具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。 ▪ The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green. ▪ 我前面那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。 词义的引申 3 ▪ 就是在原来词义的基础上把词义适当加以引申，从而达到确切表达原文精神实 质的目的。 ▪ 只在原有词义不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解或晦涩不通时才可以作词义 引申。 ▪ 具体有以下两种方法：1） 词义扩展或转译 2）借增词而引申词义 ▪ 1) Force and distance measure the amount of work 直接翻译：力和距离测量功的量。 ▪ 通过增词引申处理： ▪ “通过力和距离可算出做功的量” 词义的引申 4 ▪ 英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申： ▪ 1）Dust has a very important part in the work of nature. ▪ 灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。 ▪ 2）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions. ▪ 我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。 ▪ 3）A gas takes both the size and the shape of container. ▪ 气体的体积和形状随容器而异

【Sub-SectionThree】词义的褒贬■（一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来。■（二）有些词性中立的，本身不表示褒贬含义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时应将其相应译出，■1.需要用褒义的词来表达■2.需要用贬义的词来表达■Heisawell-knownprofessor...文明遇迩...He is awell-known criminal臭名远洋.【AdditionalMaterial]文学文体翻译欣赏1·February is a brook, birds, an apple tree -- a day spent alone in the country.Unemployed, tired of reading, and weary of grieving the loss of my mother, I'dgone into the woods to forget. So that now all Februaries have the aura ofthat earlymorningcoldness,theghostofquailtracksonthesnowpowderedbrookwhichIbrushed aside as I broke the brook to drink: and howthe little quail tracks went upthe ice,precise and delicate, into the darkerplaces of the hank-ledge undisturbed.1二月是一条小溪，一群飞鸟，一棵苹果树一一是独处乡间的一个日子。曾经我没有工作，也无心读书，更厌倦了沉溺于失去母亲的悲哀之中。于是隐入丛林，试图忘怀这一切。因此，直到现在，每年的二月都沉浸在那天早晨清冽的氛围当中。雪粒纷纷的小溪上，鹑的足印宛着鬼魁精灵，在我破冰饮水的时候被拨到了一边。那些细小的脚印在冰上一直延伸到溪边深黯的地方，清晰而纤巧，一点都没遭到破坏。文学文体翻译欣赏2-February is climbing up a hill into the full glare of the early sun, alone in all thatimmensityof snowscapewithdistantDaytondrowsingwaverytomycries likethesound of distant horns. It's walking through a parklike grove, the tall trees stark, theknee-high snow windblown and pathless, to a decaying shed shelteringa fine oldhorse-drawn sleigh, carved and scrolled with traces of goldleaf clinging to itsflaking wood■二月里，我爬上山头，融入朝阳喷涌的晨辉之中，在那广阔的雪景中子然独立，远处的代顿犹如远方传来的号角声在我眼中飘忽不定。二月里，我走过一片公园似的小丛林，高算的树木一叶未着，临风而立，积雪齐膝，踢径全无。我来到一舍衰败的棚屋，里面有一架漂亮却已破旧的马拉雪撬，雕刻装磺甚是精美。木质虽已朽落，但附着其上的金箔还依稀可见。文学文体翻译欣赏3 And the birds: I descended into a little valley in the windless quiet and the smell ofapples and saw the air erupt with red tracer bullet-streaks of flight across the snows,a carnival of cardinals.The red birds zoomed, the flickers flew, pheasants roared uplike gaudy Chinese kimono rags■还有那些鸟-我下到一个小山谷中，一丝风也没有，只是一片寂静与苹果香。突然我看到空中划出道道红色曳光弹一般的轨迹，穿过雪野一原来是红雀的狂欢。红雀轰鸣掠过，金翼啄木鸟翻翻飞舞，野雉引叽高歌，华丽美艳，一如中国的霓裳羽衣

【Sub-Section Three】 词义的褒贬 ▪ （一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来。 ▪ (二) 有些词性中立的，本身不表示褒贬含义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬 的意味，汉译时应将其相应译出， ▪ 1．需要用褒义的词来表达 ▪ 2．需要用贬义的词来表达 ▪ He is a well-known professor .文明遐迩. ▪ He is a well-known criminal .臭名远洋. 【Additional Material】 文学文体翻译欣赏 1 ▪ February is a brook, birds, an apple tree - a day spent alone in the country. Unemployed, tired of reading, and weary of grieving the loss of my mother, I'd gone into the woods to forget. So that now all Februaries have the aura of that early morning coldness, the ghost of quail tracks on the snow powdered brook which I brushed aside as I broke the brook to drink: and how the little quail tracks went up the ice, precise and delicate, into the darker places of the hank-ledge undisturbed. ▪ 二月是一条小溪，一群飞鸟，一棵苹果树——是独处乡间的一个日子。曾经我 没有工作，也无心读书，更厌倦了沉溺于失去母亲的悲哀之中。于是隐入丛林， 试图忘怀这一切。因此，直到现在，每年的二月都沉浸在那天早晨清冽的氛围 当中。雪粒纷纷的小溪上，鹌鹑的足印宛着鬼魁精灵，在我破冰饮水的时候被 拨到了一边。那些细小的脚印在冰上一直延伸到溪边深黯的地方，清晰而纤巧， 一点都没遭到破坏。 文学文体翻译欣赏 2 ▪ February is climbing up a hill into the full glare of the early sun, alone in all that immensity of snows cape with distant Dayton drowsing wavery to my cries like the sound of distant horns. It's walking through a parklike grove, the tall trees stark, the knee-high snow windblown and pathless, to a decaying shed sheltering a fine old horse-drawn sleigh, carved and scrolled with traces of goldleaf clinging to its flaking wood. ▪ 二月里，我爬上山头，融入朝阳喷涌的晨辉之中，在那广阔的雪景中孓然独立， 远处的代顿犹如远方传来的号角声在我眼中飘忽不定。二月里，我走过一片公 园似的小丛林，高耸的树木一叶未着，临风而立，积雪齐膝，蹋径全无。我来 到一舍衰败的棚屋，里面有一架漂亮却已破旧的马拉雪橇，雕刻装磺甚是精美。 木质虽已朽落，但附着其上的金箔还依稀可见。 文学文体翻译欣赏 3 ▪ And the birds: I descended into a little valley in the windless quiet and the smell of apples and saw the air erupt with red tracer bullet-streaks of flight across the snows, a carnival of cardinals. The red birds zoomed, the flickers flew, pheasants roared up like gaudy Chinese kimono rags. ▪ 还有那些鸟-我下到一个小山谷中，一丝风也没有，只是一片寂静与苹果香。 突然我看到空中划出道道红色曳光弹一般的轨迹，穿过雪野——原来是红雀的 狂欢。红雀轰鸣掠过，金翼啄木鸟翻翻飞舞，野雉引吭高歌，华丽美艳，一如 中国的霓裳羽衣

文学文体翻译欣赏4My heart beat hard and I saw the single tree, black-limbed against the sky, hereandtherethemiracleofadarkredapplestill hangingaftermonths of iceandsnow. I bent forward and knelt within the circle of the fruitfall, searching out anapple missed by the birds. Sweet and mellowto the taste, it had been preserved bythe leaves and grasses,protectedbythe snows■我心跳加快，我看到了那一棵独立雪中的苹果树，在天空的映衬下，黑色的枝条上，几只深红色的苹果在历经了数月冰雪之后，依然奇迹般地垂挂在枝梢。我弯下腰，跪在树下会有果实落下的地方，找到了一只鸟儿未曾啄过的苹果。这只苹果在积雪的掩盖之下，受到树叶和草的保护味道格外甜美香醇。文学文体翻译欣赏5And Irecalled the valley of two months before: At the sound of my gun the birdscame up along the hill in pairs and swooped with a circling down into the thicketon the other side,and I hadgonedown into thevalley,soft,then.withtheglow ofsunset, and found the cock quail dead upon the snow, its plumage undisturbed, thevaporrising slowlyfrom its sinkingblood...Andnowinthisplace ofhiddenfruitand bird-tracked snow, I was seized with akind of exhilaration. For I was in myearly twenties then, and I had lived through my mother's death in that strange city,had survived three months off the fields and woods by my gun; through ice andsnowand homelessness.And now in this windless February instant I had crossedover into a newphase of living.Shall I say it was in those February snows thatIfirst became a man?·我回想起两个月前山谷里的情景：随着我的一声枪响，鸟群依着山势双双飞去，盘旋着冲入山那边的灌木丛中。我下山来到谷底，那时的山谷沐浴在夕阳里，恬静而柔和。我找到那只死去的雄鹑，它躺在雪地上，羽毛华丽如常，正在下渗的鲜血缓缓冒着热气...此时，在这个鲜果隐匿，鸟儿踏雪留痕的地方，一种极至的兴奋紧紧抓住了我。因为，那时我才二十出头，母亲去世了，把我一个人撇在那座陌生的城市里。凭着一支枪，我在野地林间生活了三个月。冰雪严寒，无家可归，这一切我都挺过来了。如今，在这个无风的二月，我在短暂的瞬间跨越到了生命薪新阶段。这是否可以说，正是在那些二月的冰雪之中我变成了男子汉。【SummaryoftheLecture】Today we have mainly studied the selection, extension and color ofmeaning of words in E-C translation. We should pay our attention on theselection and extension of meaning of words in E-C translation.HomeworkaftertheLectureReview the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the1.important and difficult points of the lecture.2.Select an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part ofit of about 150-200 words into Chinese

文学文体翻译欣赏 4 ▪ My heart beat hard and I saw the single tree, black-limbed against the sky, here and there the miracle of a dark red apple still hanging after months of ice and snow. I bent forward and knelt within the circle of the fruitfall, searching out an apple missed by the birds. Sweet and mellow to the taste, it had been preserved by the leaves and grasses, protected by the snows ▪ 我心跳加快，我看到了那一棵独立雪中的苹果树，在天空的映衬下，黑色的 枝条上，几只深红色的苹果在历经了数月冰雪之后，依然奇迹般地垂挂在枝 梢。我弯下腰，跪在树下会有果实落下的地方，找到了一只鸟儿未曾啄过的 苹果。这只苹果在积雪的掩盖之下，受到树叶和草的保护味道格外甜美香醇。 文学文体翻译欣赏 5 ▪ And I recalled the valley of two months before: At the sound of my gun the birds came up along the hill in pairs and swooped with a circling down into the thicket on the other side, and I had gone down into the valley, soft, then, with the glow of sunset, and found the cock quail dead upon the snow, its plumage undisturbed, the vapor rising slowly from its sinking blood. And now in this place of hidden fruit and bird-tracked snow, I was seized with a kind of exhilaration. For I was in my early twenties then, and I had lived through my mother’s death in that strange city, had survived three months off the fields and woods by my gun; through ice and snow and homelessness. And now in this windless February instant I had crossed over into a new phase of living. Shall I say it was in those February snows that I first became a man? ▪ 我回想起两个月前山谷里的情景：随着我的一声枪响，鸟群依着山势双双飞 去，盘旋着冲入山那边的灌木丛中。我下山来到谷底，那时的山谷沐浴在夕 阳里，恬静而柔和。我找到那只死去的雄鹌鹑，它躺在雪地上，羽毛华丽如 常，正在下渗的鲜血缓缓冒着热气.此时，在这个鲜果隐匿，鸟儿踏雪留 痕的地方，一种极至的兴奋紧紧抓住了我。因为，那时我才二十出头，母亲 去世了，把我一个人撇在那座陌生的城市里。凭着一支枪，我在野地林间生 活了三个月。冰雪严寒，无家可归，这一切我都挺过来了。如今，在这个无 风的二月，我在短暂的瞬间跨越到了生命崭新阶段。这是否可以说，正是在 那些二月的冰雪之中我变成了男子汉。 【Summary of the Lecture】 Today we have mainly studied the selection, extension and color of meaning of words in E-C translation. We should pay our attention on the selection and extension of meaning of words in E-C translation. 【Homework after the Lecture】 1. Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the important and difficult points of the lecture. 2. Select an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part of it of about 150-200 words into Chinese

Nameof the Course:E-CTranslationWeek: SixLecture:FiveAbstractTitle/topicUnitFour-TwoSkills for the Translation of Words【Contents】■第二节词的转译（Transformation）■第一小节转译成动词（Noun）■第二小节转译成名词（Verb）■第三小节转译成形容词（Adjective）■第四小节转译成副词（Adverbial）[Important and Difficult Points]■第一小节转译成动词（Noun）■第二小节转译成名词（Verb）Details【Sub-Section One]转译成动词1■因为汉语中动词用得比英语比较多，汉语没有词形的变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词，前置词，形容词，副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。■（）名词转译成动词■大量由动词派生的名词■具有动作意义的名词■这些词往往可以译成汉语动词转译成动词21：由动词派生的名词转译成动词（在政论文体中出现比较多）- Downfall■打倒- Liberation·解放-Insistence■坚持Refusal■拒绝-Development·发展

Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Six Lecture: Five Abstract Title/topic Unit Four-Two Skills for the Translation of Words 【Contents】 ▪ 第二节 词的转译 （Transformation） ▪ 第一小节 转译成动词（Noun） ▪ 第二小节 转译成名词（Verb） ▪ 第三小节 转译成形容词（Adjective） ▪ 第四小节 转译成副词（Adverbial） 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 转译成动词（Noun） ▪ 第二小节 转译成名词（Verb） Details 【Sub-Section One】 转译成动词 1 ▪ 因为汉语中动词用得比英语比较多，汉语没有词形的变化，但可以几个动词 连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词，前置词，形容词，副词）在汉 译时往往可以转译成动词。 ▪ ㈠ 名词转译成动词 ▪ 大量由动词派生的名词 ▪ 具有动作意义的名词 ▪ 这些词往往可以译成汉语动词 转译成动词 2 ▪ 1. 由动词派生的名词转译成动词（在政论文体中出现比较多） ▪ Downfall ▪ 打倒 ▪ Liberation ▪ 解放 ▪ Insistence ▪ 坚持 ▪ Refusal ▪ 拒绝 ▪ Development ▪ 发展

转译成动词32．含有动作意味的名词（在记叙，描写文体中出现较多） The sight and sound ofour jet planes filled me with special longing■看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往Theviewof the citycanbeobtainedfromthehilltop■从山顶可以看到城市的全貌。转译成动词4■3、英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher等等，有时在句中并不指其身份或职业而含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时往往可转译成动词。- I think my brother is a better teacher than I.■我想我的弟弟比我教得好。■4、作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译为动词. ask for alive■请假.have a day off·休息（一天）转译成动词5■英语中有许多有动词意味的前置词，如across,past,toward,up,down,on,offout,in,（Heisin/out在家/出去了）等汉语时往往可转译成动词。■表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语时，可转译成汉语动词。如confident，certain，careful,cautions，angry,sure，ignorantafraiddoubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious,grateful,able,interested等转译成动词6■副词转译成动词：-He will be back soon■他很快就会回来。? turn it over·翻过来-·形容词译成动词： She was not sure.■她不敢肯定。Ihadtobecautious.■我必须小心谨慎

转译成动词 3 ▪ 2． 含有动作意味的名词（在记叙，描写文体中出现较多） ▪ The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. ▪ 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往 ▪ The view of the city can be obtained from the hilltop. ▪ 从山顶可以看到城市的全貌。 转译成动词 4 ▪ 3、英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher等等，有时在句中并不指其身份或 职业而含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时往往可转译成动 词。 ▪ I think my brother is a better teacher than I. ▪ 我想我的弟弟比我教得好。 ▪ 4、作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译为动词 ▪ ask for alive ▪ 请假 ▪ have a day off ▪ 休息（一天） 转译成动词 5 ▪ 英语中有许多有动词意味的前置词，如across, past, toward, up, down, on, off, out, in, (He is in/out在家/出去了）等汉语时往往可转译成动词。 ▪ 表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语时，可转译 成汉语动词。如confident, certain, careful, cautions, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able, interested等 转译成动词 6 ▪ 副词转译成动词： ▪ He will be back soon. ▪ 他很快就会回来。 ▪ turn it over ▪ 翻过来 ▪ ▪ 形容词译成动词： ▪ She was not sure. ▪ 她不敢肯定。 ▪ I had to be cautious. ▪ 我必须小心谨慎

【Sub-Section Two】转译成名词1■（一）由名词派生的动词，以及由名称转用的动词：■1、名称派生的动词Formality has always characterized their relationship■他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。To them, hepersonified the absolute power.■在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。转译成名词2■2、名词转用的动词The pallor of her face indicated clearlyhow she was feeling at the moment■她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of hisdoubts■他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。转译成名词3·英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申：-1)Dusthasaveryimportantpartintheworkofnature■灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。2)When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.■我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。-3)Agas takes both the size and the shape ofcontainer■气体的体积和形状随容器面异。[Sub-Section Three]转译成形容词Thisexperimentwasa success.（名-形）这个实验很成功。The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。He is a perfect stranger in the city.他对这城市完全陌生。【Sub-Section Four]转译成副词(名一副）I have the honor to inform you that yourrequest is granted.我荣幸地告诉您，您的请求已得到批准。The newmayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the citypoor

【Sub-Section Two】 转译成名词 1 ▪ （一）由名词派生的动词，以及由名称转用的动词： ▪ 1、名称派生的动词 ▪ Formality has always characterized their relationship. ▪ 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 ▪ To them, he personified the absolute power. ▪ 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 转译成名词 2 ▪ 2、名词转用的动词 ▪ The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. ▪ 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 ▪ He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. ▪ 他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。 转译成名词 3 ▪ 英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申： ▪ 1） Dust has a very important part in the work of nature. ▪ 灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。 ▪ 2） When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions. ▪ 我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。 ▪ 3） A gas takes both the size and the shape of container. ▪ 气体的体积和形状随容器而异。 【Sub-Section Three】 转译成形容词 This experiment was a success. (名 –形） 这个实验很成功。 The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。 He is a perfect stranger in the city. 他对这城市完全陌生。 【Sub-Section Four】 转译成副词 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. (名—副） 我荣幸地告诉您，您的请求已得到批准。 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor

新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。A helicopter isfreetogoalmost anywhere直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。【Additional Material]文学文体翻译欣赏1-Whenweconsiderthesituationofthehumanmindinnature,itslimitedplasticityandfewchannelsofcommunicationwiththeouterworldweneednotwonderthatwe grope for light, or that we find incoherence and instability in human systems ofideas.The wonder rather is that we have done so well, that in the chaos ofsensations andpassions thatfills themindwehavefound anyleisureforself-concentration and reflection, and have succeeded in gathering even a lightharvestofexperiencefromourdistracted labors.■人类心灵的可塑性是有限的，它同外部世界进行交流的渠道屈指可数。若考虑这些本质特点，那么我们就不必惊奇，我们为何要追寻光明，或者在人类构建的思想体系中为何经常发现相互矛盾和变动不居的东西。令人吃惊的倒是：充满我们心灵的是一堆杂乱无章的感觉和激情，然而我们却有闲暇各自集中精力进行反思，并且通过这些分散的劳动，竞能获得经验的丰收。文学文体翻译欣赏2-Our occasional madness is less wonderful than our occasional sanity.Relapses intodreams are to be expected in a being whose brief existence is so like a dream; butwhocould havebeen sureof this sturdyand indomitableperseveranceintheworkof reason in spite of all checks and discouragements?■我们偶尔的疯狂没有偶尔的理智精彩。沉溺于梦境只是那些本身的存在简单得像梦一样的人所为。但谁能相信，在如此众多的障碍和曲折面前，理性却能如此坚忍不拔，不屈不挠地工作？文学文体翻译欣赏3.The resources ofthe mind arenot commensurate with its ambition.Of the fivesenses, there are of littleuse in theformation of permanentnotions:afourth, sightis indeed vivid and luminous, but furnishes transcripts of things so highly coloredanddeeplymodifiedbythemediumof sense,thatalonglaborofanalysisandcorrection isneededbeforesatisfactoryconceptions canbeextractedfrom it.Forthis labor,however, we are endowed with the requisite instrument. We havememory and we have certain powers of synthesis, abstraction, reproduction,invention,--inaword,wehaveunderstanding心灵的资源与其追求不甚相称。五个官能中有三个在形成稳定的观念中不起作用。第四个，即视觉，所反映的事物确实生动逼真，清晰鲜明，但带有太多的感官色彩，并深受其影响。因此要从中获取满意的观念，就需花费很长时间来分析和甄正。不过，为此我们天赋就有所需的工具。我们有记忆，我们有诸如综合酌能力，概括的能力，再现的能力，发明创造的能力，句话，我们有理解力。文学文体翻译欣赏4.But this faculty of understanding has hardly begun its work of deciphering thehieroglyphics of sense and framing an idea of reality,when it is crossed by anotherfaculty--the imagination.Perceptions donot remain inthemind.as would besuggested by the trite simile ofthe seal and wax, passive and changeless, until timewears off their sharp edges and makes them fade.No,perceptionsfall into the brainrather as seeds intofurrowedfield or even assparks intoakeg ofpowder

新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。 A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere. 直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。 【Additional Material】 文学文体翻译欣赏 1 ▪ When we consider the situation of the human mind in nature, its limited plasticity and few channels of communication with the outer world, we need not wonder that we grope for light, or that we find incoherence and instability in human systems of ideas. The wonder rather is that we have done so well, that in the chaos of sensations and passions that fills the mind we have found any leisure for self-concentration and reflection, and have succeeded in gathering even a light harvest of experience from our distracted labors. ▪ 人类心灵的可塑性是有限的，它同外部世界进行交流的渠道屈指可数。若考虑 这些本质特点，那么我们就不必惊奇，我们为何要追寻光明，或者在人类构建 的思想体系中为何经常发现相互矛盾和变动不居的东西。令人吃惊的倒是：充 满我们心灵的是一堆杂乱无章的感觉和激情，然而我们却有闲暇各自集中精力 进行反思，并且通过这些分散的劳动，竟能获得经验的丰收。 文学文体翻译欣赏 2 ▪ Our occasional madness is less wonderful than our occasional sanity. Relapses into dreams are to be expected in a being whose brief existence is so like a dream; but who could have been sure of this sturdy and indomitable perseverance in the work of reason in spite of all checks and discouragements? ▪ 我们偶尔的疯狂没有偶尔的理智精彩。沉溺于梦境只是那些本身的存在简单得 像梦一样的人所为。但谁能相信，在如此众多的障碍和曲折面前，理性却能如 此坚忍不拔，不屈不挠地工作？ 文学文体翻译欣赏 3 ▪ The resources of the mind are not commensurate with its ambition. Of the five senses, there are of little use in the formation of permanent notions: a fourth, sight, is indeed vivid and luminous, but furnishes transcripts of things so highly colored and deeply modified by the medium of sense, that a long labor of analysis and correction is needed before satisfactory conceptions can be extracted from it. For this labor, however, we are endowed with the requisite instrument. We have memory and we have certain powers of synthesis, abstraction, reproduction, invention, - in a word, we have understanding. ▪ 心灵的资源与其追求不甚相称。五个官能中有三个在形成稳定的观念中不起 作用。第四个，即视觉，所反映的事物确实生动逼真，清晰鲜明，但带有太 多的感官色彩，并深受其影响。因此要从中获取满意的观念．就需花费很长 时间来分析和甄正。不过，为此我们天赋就有所需的工具。我们有记忆，我 们有诸如综合酌能力，概括的能力，再现的能力，发明创造的能力，——一 句话，我们有理解力。 文学文体翻译欣赏 4 ▪ But this faculty of understanding has hardly begun its work of deciphering the hieroglyphics of sense and framing an idea of reality, when it is crossed by another faculty - the imagination. Perceptions do not remain in the mind. as would be suggested by the trite simile of the seal and wax, passive and changeless, until time wears off their sharp edges and makes them fade. No, perceptions fall into the brain rather as seeds into furrowed field or even as sparks into a keg of powder

但这种理解的能力在开始其破解感觉的密码，形成关于现实的观念时，另外一种能力一一想象力，就闯了进来。有一个老掉牙的比喻，认为感知的东西留在心灵中，就像印章刻在封蜡上，消极被动，没有变化，直到时间老人磨平其锐利的棱角，慢慢使之消失。但并非如此。感知印入脑海，就像种子播入犁好的农田，或像火花飞落火药桶里，文学文体翻译欣赏5Each image breeds a hundred more, sometimes slowly and subterraneously,sometimes(when apassion train is started)witha sudden burstof fancy.Themindexercised byits ownfertilityandflooded byits innerlights,has infinitetroubletokeepatruereckoningofitsoutwardperceptions1Fivesenses,then,togatherasmall partoftheinfiniteinfluencesthatvibrateinnature,amoderatepower ofunderstandingto interpretthosesenses,and anirregular,passionatefancytooverlaythatinterpretation --suchistheendowmentofthehumanmind.And what is its ambition?Nothinglessthantoconstructapictureof all reality,to comprehend its own origin and that ofthe universe,todiscover the laws of both and prophesy their destiny. Is not the disproportionenormous?Arenotconfusions andprofound contradictionstobelookedforinanattempt to build so much out of so little?■每个意象都会百倍地增长，有时是慢慢的，静悄悄的，有时（当激情的列车飞奔时）则伴随着幻想突如其来。心灵是在自己的沃土上，在自己内部阳光的照耀下成长的，因而要保留一份有关外部感知的真实记录就存在着无尽的困难。■大自然散发的气息是无限的，五个感官只能采集一二：解释这些感觉的是稳健的理解力，而给解释抹上些色彩的是毫无规则、充满激情的想象力一一这就是人类心灵的天赋。那么它的追求是什么？就是构建整个实在的图像，理解自身的起源和宇宙的起源，找出两者的规律，并预言它们的归宿。这两者的不对称不是太巨大了吗？要在如此微小的天赋上建立这么宏伟的理想，没有混乱和深刻的矛盾可能吗？【Summaryof theLecture】Today we have mainly studiedthe transformation of words in E-Ctranslation. We should pay our attention on the transformation to noun andverb inE-Ctranslation.HomeworkaftertheLecture3.Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on theimportant and difficult points of the lecture.4.Self-sudy the other parts of skills of translation of word in the text bookandprepare an oral report for them.LSelect an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part ofit of about 150-200 words into Chinese

▪ 但这种理解的能力在开始其破解感觉的密码，形成关于现实的观念时，另外 一种能力——想象力，就闯了进来。有一个老掉牙的比喻，认为感知的东西 留在心灵中，就像印章刻在封蜡上，消极被动，没有变化，直到时间老人磨 平其锐利的棱角，慢慢使之消失。但并非如此。感知印入脑海，就像种子播 入犁好的农田，或像火花飞落火药桶里， 文学文体翻译欣赏 5 ▪ Each image breeds a hundred more, sometimes slowly and subterraneously, sometimes (when a passion train is started) with a sudden burst of fancy. The mind exercised by its own fertility and flooded by its inner lights, has infinite trouble to keep a true reckoning of its outward perceptions. ▪ Five senses, then, to gather a small part of the infinite influences that vibrate in nature, a moderate power of understanding to interpret those senses, and an irregular, passionate fancy to overlay that interpretation - such is the endowment of the human mind. And what is its ambition? Nothing less than to construct a picture of all reality, to comprehend its own origin and that of the universe, to discover the laws of both and prophesy their destiny. Is not the disproportion enormous? Are not confusions and profound contradictions to be looked for in an attempt to build so much out of so little? ▪ 每个意象都会百倍地增长，有时是慢慢的，静悄悄的，有时（当激情的列车 飞奔时）则伴随着幻想突如其来。心灵是在自己的沃土上，在自己内部阳光 的照耀下成长的，因而要保留一份有关外部感知的真实记录就存在着无尽的 困难。 ▪ 大自然散发的气息是无限的，五个感官只能采集一二；解释这些感觉的是稳 健的理解力，而给解释抹上些色彩的是毫无规则、充满激情的想象力——这 就是人类心灵的天赋。那么它的追求是什么？就是构建整个实在的图像，理 解自身的起源和宇宙的起源，找出两者的规律，并预言它们的归宿。这两者 的不对称不是太巨大了吗？要在如此微小的天赋上建立这么宏伟的理想，没 有混乱和深刻的矛盾可能吗？ 【Summary of the Lecture】 Today we have mainly studied the transformation of words in E-C translation. We should pay our attention on the transformation to noun and verb in E-C translation. 【Homework after the Lecture】 3. Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the important and difficult points of the lecture. 4. Self-sudy the other parts of skills of translation of word in the text book and prepare an oral report for them. 5. Select an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part of it of about 150-200 words into Chinese