《翻译理论与实践》课程授课教案（汉英翻译）第二章 汉英翻译中常见的误译（1/2）

第1周，第1讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第二章汉英翻译中常见的误译授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解翻译的重要性。对翻译中常见的错误，分门别类，归纳分析，从而引以为戒。【重点】翻译的原则和标准。【难点】误译分析。内容【本讲课程的引入】【本讲课程的内容】1田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 1 周，第 1 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第二章 汉英翻译中常见的误译 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解翻译的重要性。对翻译中常见的错误，分门别类，归纳 分析，从而引以为戒。 【重 点】翻译的原则和标准。 【难 点】误译分析。 内 容 【本讲课程的引入】 【本讲课程的内容】

第二章汉英翻译中常见的误译ChapterTwoSome common errors in translation from Chinese intoEnglishPlease translate the following sentences:a.我通常睡得很晚。b.我们是2001级的学生。c.他的游泳水平还挺高。d.他的英语水平比我的高。e这里住房紧张。f.夜已很深了。g.现在有许多人在提倡民族化、科学化、大众化h.我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。a. Iusually sleep very late.(X)I usually go to sleep verylateb. We are students of the 2001 grade.(X)Weare students of the 2001enrolmentSheisastudentisthesecondgrade.（她是二年级的学生）Wearegraduatesofthe2005.我们是2005届的学生）c. His swimming level is very high. (X)He has becomequite good at swimming.d.The level of his English is higher than that of mine.(X)HeknowsmoreEnglishthanIe. There is housing tension. (X)There is housing shortagef. The night is deep. (X)The night is well advanced.Itwasinthedeadofnight（inthedeadofnight[简明英汉词典]在夜深人静时）/Itwaslateatnight.（汉英）2田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 第二章 汉英翻译中常见的误译 Chapter Two Some common errors in translation from Chinese into English Please translate the following sentences: a. 我通常睡得很晚。 b. 我们是 2001 级的学生。 c. 他的游泳水平还挺高。 d. 他的英语水平比我的高。 e. 这里住房紧张。 f. 夜已很深了。 g. 现在有许多人在提倡民族化、科学化、大众化 h. 我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是 稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。 a. I usually sleep very late. (×) I usually go to sleep very late. b. We are students of the 2001 grade. (×) We are students of the 2001 enrolment. She is a student is the second grade. (她是二年级的学生） We are graduates of the 2005. 我们是 2005 届的学生） c. His swimming level is very high. (×) He has become quite good at swimming. d. The level of his English is higher than that of mine. (×) He knows more English than I. e. There is housing tension. (×) There is housing shortage. f. The night is deep. (×) The night is well advanced. It was in the dead of night. (in the dead of night [简明英汉词典]在夜深 人静时) /It was late at night. (汉英）

Many people nowadays arecalling for a nationalizationgscientificationandmassilization.(X)Many peoplenowadays are callingfora transformationto a national,scientific and mass style.h. The direction of our reform and opening is right our conviction isfirm, our steps are steady and our approach is gradual, thereforewe haveachieved tremendous successes.(X)We are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in oursteps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform andopening-up and that we have achieved tremendous successes.分析：a.Iusually sleep very late.(X)b.Wearestudentsofthe2001grade.(X)Analysis:Thecultural elements are ignored whendoing this translation.When we do the translation, we must take the cultural elements intoconsideration. We must translate the Chinese sentences into the habitualuse of English We have different thinking patterns from the nativeEnglish speakers.More examples:凶宅haunted house(Xfearful house)精神文明：ethical andculturalprogress（Xspiritual civilization）ideological and cultural advancementc.Hisswimminglevel isveryhigh.(X)(1)d. The level of his English is higher than that of mine. (X)e.There is housing tension.(X)Analysis; mechanical equivalence缺之英语国家More examples:的背景知识而水平造成的误译英语水平：Englishproficiency生活水平：livingstandard游泳水平：swimmingskill建设社会主义物质文明和精神文明：tobuildasocial societywithbothhigh material standards and high ethical and cultural standards to buildsocialist civilization with a high cultural level and moral standards精神文明单位：amodelunitinmoral standards搞精神文明：topromoteethicalprogress文明礼貌月：thevirtuesandethicsmonth机械对应讲文明礼貌：tobehavecivilly文明经商：toconductourselveshonorablyincommercial transactions3田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 (1) g. Many people nowadays are calling for a nationalization, scientification and massilization. (×) Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national, scientific and mass style. h. The direction of our reform and opening is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady and our approach is gradual, therefore we have achieved tremendous successes. (×) We are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and that we have achieved tremendous successes. 分析： a. I usually sleep very late. (×) b. We are students of the 2001 grade. (×) Analysis: The cultural elements are ignored when doing this translation. When we do the translation, we must take the cultural elements into consideration. We must translate the Chinese sentences into the habitual use of English. We have different thinking patterns from the native English speakers. More examples: 凶宅 haunted house (× fearful house) 精神文明: ethical and cultural progress (×spiritual civilization) ideological and cultural advancement c. His swimming level is very high. (×) d. The level of his English is higher than that of mine. (×) e. There is housing tension. (×) Analysis; mechanical equivalence More examples: 水平: 英语水平: English proficiency 生活水平:living standard 游泳水平:swimming skill 建设社会主义物质文明和精神文明: to build a social society with both high material standards and high ethical and cultural standards to build socialist civilization with a high cultural level and moral standards 精神文明单位: a model unit in moral standards 搞精神文明:to promote ethical progress 文明礼貌月:the virtues and ethics month 讲文明礼貌: to behave civilly 文明经商: to conduct ourselves honorably in commercial transactions 缺乏英 语国家 的背景 知识而 造成的误译 机械对应

压力很大的工作：demandingjob（Xastressful job)高新技术：newandhightechnology（Xhighandnewtechnology）国际经济新秩序：anewinternationaleconomicorder(Xaninternationalneweconomicorder)f. The night is deep. (X)The night is well advanced.Itwasinthedeadofnight(inthedeadofnight[简明英汉词典]在夜深人静时）/ltwaslateatnight.（汉英）Manypeoplenowadaysarecalling for a nationalization,g.scientification and massilization. (×)Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to anational, scientific and mass style.Analysis:Understanding problemMore examples:三角债：debtchains,chaindebts,inter-companydebts（Xtriangledebts）三通一平：three connections and one leveling assuring that aconstruction site is connected to water, electric power supplies and roadsand that the ground is leveled before a project is begun (Xone level andthree through)隆胸：mammaplasty；breast-enhancements(breast-enlargingoperation)投资热点：aregionattractivetoinvestors,amuchsoughtpieceofland,popularinvestment（Xinvestmenthotspot动乱的地方）h.Thedirection of ourreform and opening isright our conviction isfirm, our steps are steady and our approach is gradual, therefore we haveachieved tremendous successes. (×)We are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in oursteps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform andopening-up and that we have achieved tremendous successes.4田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4 压力很大的工作:demanding job (×a stressful job) 高新技术: new and high technology (×high and new technology) 国际经济新秩序: a new international economic order(×an international new economic order) f. The night is deep. (×) The night is well advanced. It was in the dead of night. (in the dead of night [简明英汉词典]在夜深 人静时) /It was late at night. (汉英） g. Many people nowadays are calling for a nationalization, scientification and massilization. (×) ◼ Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national, scientific and mass style. Analysis: Understanding problem More examples: 三角债:debt chains, chain debts, inter-company debts (×triangle debts) 三通一平 : three connections and one leveling assuring that a construction site is connected to water, electric power supplies and roads and that the ground is leveled before a project is begun (×one level and three through) 隆胸: mammaplasty; breast-enhancements; (breast-enlarging operation) 投资热点: a region attractive to investors, a much sought piece of land, popular investment (×investment hot spot 动乱的地方) h. The direction of our reform and opening is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady and our approach is gradual, therefore we have achieved tremendous successes. (×) We are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and that we have achieved tremendous successes

Bad collocation: subject and verbMore examples:搭配不当verb and object:每晚我都要花一小时学习政治理论和企业管理知识。Iwould spendone hour every evening studying political theories and acquiringknowledge concerning business management. (XI would spend one hourevery evening studying political theories and knowledge concerningbusinessmanagement.)她掌握了大量英语单词。She(has）possessesawidevocabulary（ofEnglish words). (X She has mastered lots of English words.)adj and nounadj is a very flexible part of speech. In most cases, there are manycorrespondences in two languages, but still we have to pay muchattention tothecollocationwhen doingthetranslationMoreexamples:他们想问题做事情的方法，他们的历史习惯跟我们的不同The way they think, the way they do things and their traditional habits aredifferent from ours.(X...historical habits...)这种型号的车窗价格便宜The price ofthe latheof this type is low. (Xcheap)We can say:The color TV used to be expensive, but now is muchcheaper.Chinese English:我一点也不敢放松自己.Idarenotrelaxmyefforts.（×Idarenotloosenmyself),新学期已经过去了一星期了Onemonthhaspassed sincethenewtermbegan.(XOurnewtermhas理解问题passedonemonth)我们已经在那儿呆了三年了。It was threTrauoeenthere我们到这儿刚刚一个星期.Aweekhasjustpassed sincewearrivedhere.我已经很多年没像昨晚那么痛快了，Ithasbeenyears sinceIenjoyedmyself so much as last night.田翠芸《汉英翻译》5

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 Bad collocation: subject and verb More examples: verb and object: 每晚我都要花一小时学习政治理论和企业管理知识。I would spend one hour every evening studying political theories and acquiring knowledge concerning business management. (×I would spend one hour every evening studying political theories and knowledge concerning business management.) 她掌握了大量英语单词。 She (has) possesses a wide vocabulary (of English words). (×She has mastered lots of English words.) adj and noun adj is a very flexible part of speech. In most cases, there are many correspondences in two languages, but still we have to pay much attention to the collocation when doing the translation. More examples: 他们想问题做事情的方法,他们的历史习惯跟我们的不同. The way they think, the way they do things and their traditional habits are different from ours. (×.historical habits.) 这种型号的车窗价格便宜. The price of the lathe of this type is low. (× cheap). We can say: The color TV used to be expensive, but now is much cheaper. Chinese English: 我一点也不敢放松自己.I dare not relax my efforts. (×I dare not loosen myself). 新学期已经过去了一星期了. One month has passed since the new term began. (×Our new term has passed one month). 我们已经在那儿呆了三年了. It was three years since we had been there 我们到这儿刚刚一个星期. A week has just passed since we arrived here. 我已经很多年没像昨晚那么痛快了. It has been years since I enjoyed myself so much as last night. 理解问题 搭配不当

【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了翻译的作用和使命，翻译的标准。分析了两种汉译英中常见误译：（1）缺乏英语国家的背景知识而造成的误译(2)机械对应（4）搭配不当（5）中（3）理解问题式英语6田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 6 【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了翻译的作用和使命，翻译的标 准。分析了两种汉译英中常见误译：(1) 缺乏英语国家的背景知识 而造成的误译(2) 机械对应 （3）理解问题 （4）搭配不当（5）中 式英语

【本讲课程的作业】阅读课本第一单元（1一13页）并完成书上的练习。7田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 7 【本讲课程的作业】阅读课本第一单元 （1－13 页）并完成书上的 练习

课程名称：《汉英翻译》第2周，第2讲次要摘第三章汉英对比与翻译授课题目（章、节）第一节英汉语言的共相第二节英汉语言的差异（一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译8田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 8 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 2 周，第 2 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第三章 汉英对比与翻译 第一节 英汉语言的共相 第二节英汉语言的差异 （一）汉英词汇的对 比与翻译

本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解英汉两种语言既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。通过对这些特点进行对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平[重点】翻译对策【难点】汉英词汇的差异内容【本讲课程的引入】语言对比事翻译理论及翻译记忆的基础之一。诚如《孙子兵法》所言，“知己知彼，白战不殆”。就英汉两种语言来说，它们既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。如果不能通过对这些特点进行对比分析，来自如地驾驭互换方法，那么要想提高翻译水平讲是很困难的。【本讲课程的内容】第三章汉英对比与翻译Chapter Three Comparison between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation第一节英汉语言的共相Section one Correspondence between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation例 1汉语词组有名词词组和动词词组。以名词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在句中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语，在句中作用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提到词或词组，其中词组则和前面说到的词往往起同一作用。Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases.A phrase with a noun as itscore, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known asverbal phrase,A phrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, iscalled verb phrase. Moreover in usage notes, sometimes“a word or phrase" is used and thephrase here usually has the same function as the“word"mentioned before例2计算机刚出现，人们就把它的运算情况与思维或人脑作比较。此后，有关人工智能的讨论一直在进行。现在，有关这个问题出现了一些意见截然相反的争论。然而，普遍的看法是，既然智能是人所表现的一个特性，而计算机只是一台按程序编制者的指令行事的哑巴机器，机器就永远不会像人那样具有智能。田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 9 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解英汉两种语言既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。通 过对这些特点进行对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平 【重 点】翻译对策 【难 点】汉英词汇的差异。 内 容 【本讲课程的引入】 语言对比事翻译理论及翻译记忆的基础之一。诚如《孙子兵法》 所言，“知己知彼，白战不殆”。就英汉两种语言来说，它们既有共同点，又各自具有 自己的特点。如果不能通过对这些特点进行对比分析，来自如地驾驭互换方法，那么 要想提高翻译水平讲是很困难的。 【本讲课程的内容】 第三章 汉英对比与翻译 Chapter Three Comparison between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation 第一节 英汉语言的共相 Section one Correspondence between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation 例 1 汉语词组有名词词组和动词词组。以名词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在句 中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语， 在句中作用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提到词或词组， 其中词组则和前面说到的词往往起同一作用。 Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases. A phrase with a noun as its core, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known as verbal phrase. A phrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, is called verb phrase. Moreover in usage notes , sometimes “a word or phrase” is used and the phrase here usually has the same function as the “word” mentioned before. 例 2 计算机刚出现，人们就把它的运算情况与思维或人脑作比较。此后，有关人工智能的 讨论一直在进行。现在，有关这个问题出现了一些意见截然相反的争论。然而，普遍 的看法是，既然智能是人所表现的一个特性，而计算机只是一台按程序编制者的指令 行事的哑巴机器，机器就永远不会像人那样具有智能

Assoonasthecomputercameintobeing,manbegantocompareitsoperationswith thinking and the brain Since then, discussions on artificial intelligencehave been in progress. Now, there are some arguments both pro and conconcerning this question.However, it is generally assumed that sinceintelligence is acharacteristic exhibitedbyman and a computer is onlya dumbmachine which doesonly what the human programmer tells it to do,amachine can never beas intelligent as a manPractical Translation Exercises:兹定于10月10日下午2点在报告厅邀请美国斯坦福大学史密斯教授举办关于计算机软件最新发展的讲座。欢迎教师及研究生参加。计算机系10月5日LectureOctober5Topic:LatestDevelopment inComputer SoftwareSpeaker: Prof. Smith from Stanford University, USATime:2:00p.m..October10比较汉英行Place: Lecture Hall文的差异The teachers and graduates are welcome.缺乏英语国家的背景知识而第二节英汉语言的差异SectionTwoDifferencesbetweepChine造成的误译English and Chinese -English Translation实词类+虚词类汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹英：n,v,a,pron.ady,numeral/conj,prep,articleand interjection汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹英：n,v,a,pron.adv,numeral/conj,prep,articleand interjection.（一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译Theremarkablesimilaritiesanddifferencesatthewordlevel两种语言的词类划分的异同显而易见：不对应：（汉）量≠（英）冠对应：1.名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词2.（汉）方位名词=（英）介词（1）英语词汇有形态变化，例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态、语气以及非谓语的变化（不定式、分词），名词有格和数的变化，许多词汇还因为添加前后词缀引起词义的变化等。英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，它主要靠词语、词序及暗含的逻辑关系表达出来。翻译对策：汉译英时，应把英语的时态、语态、情态、语气等用蕾谭形变素现出来。10

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 10 As soon as the computer came into being, man began to compare its operations with thinking and the brain. Since then, discussions on artificial intelligence have been in progress. Now, there are some arguments both pro and con concerning this question. However, it is generally assumed that since intelligence is a characteristic exhibited by man and a computer is only a dumb machine which does only what the human programmer tells it to do, a machine can never be as intelligent as a man. Practical Translation Exercises: 兹定于 10 月 10 日下午 2 点在报告厅邀请美国斯坦福大学史密斯教授举办 关于计算机软件最新发展的讲座。欢迎教师及研究生参加。 计算机系 10 月 5 日 Lecture October 5 Topic: Latest Development in Computer Software Speaker: Prof. Smith from Stanford University, USA Time: 2:00 p.m. October 10 Place: Lecture Hall The teachers and graduates are welcome. 第二节英汉语言的差异 Section Two Differences between Chinese and English and Chinese –English Translation 实词类 + 虚词类 汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹 英：n, v, a, pron. adv, numeral/ conj, prep, article and interjection. 汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹 英：n, v, a, pron. adv, numeral/ conj, prep, article and interjection. （一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译 The remarkable similarities and differences at the word level 两种语言的词类 划分的异同显而易见： 不对应：（汉）量≠（英）冠 对应：1. 名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词 2.（汉）方位名词 =（英）介词 (1) 英语词汇有形态变化,例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态、语 气以及 非谓语的变化（不定式、分词），名词有格和数的变 化，许多词汇还因为 添加前后词缀引起词义的变化等。英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰 富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，它主要靠词语、 词序及暗含的逻辑关系表达出来。 翻译对策：汉译英时，应把英语的时态、语态、情态、语气等 用英语的形态变化表现出来。 比较汉英行 文的差异 缺乏英 语国家 的背景 知识而 造成的误译