《翻译理论与实践》课程授课教案（汉英翻译）第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译（1/2）

第5周，第5讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较授课题目（章、节）第二节翻译中的词汇空缺第三节翻译中的语义联想本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系，意在提醒学生注意这样一个事实，即搞好翻译，不仅要有扎实的语言基本功，而且要有较高的文化修养。【重点】翻译中的词汇空缺；翻译中的语义联想【难点】翻译中的词汇空缺内容1田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 5 周，第 5 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 第二节 翻译中的词汇空缺 第三节 翻译中的语义联想 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系，意在提醒学生注意 这样一个事实，即搞好翻译，不仅要有扎实的语言基本功，而且要有较高的文化修养。 【重 点】翻译中的词汇空缺； 翻译中的语义联想 【难 点】翻译中的词汇空缺。 内 容

【本讲课程的引入】翻译，虽说不像语言与文化那样历史悠久，却也有两千余年的历史。因此，翻译也像语言和文化一样有诸多不同的定义。尽管众说纷绘，但真正意义上的翻译其内涵是一致的，即：用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息，简言之，是语际间的信息传递。毫无疑问，译者必须面对的是两种不同的语言，而这两种语言各自归属于两种不同的文化系统。因此，译者所面对的不仅仅是两种不同的语言，而且是两大片文化。如此看来，一个称职的译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人，不仅能熟练运用两种不同的语言，更重要的是谱熟使用这两种语言的人们在文化背景、渊源、风俗、习惯、政治制度及宗教信仰等多方面的差异。一个医生，无论其艺术多么高明，如果做心脏手术时无视身体其他器官与心脏的密切关系和相互作用，手术是不能成功的。同样，一个译者，如若只注重源语与译入语在语言方面的差异，而忽视其所属的文化的系统的差异，其翻译也注定难以成功。因此，讨论翻译必须探讨语言与文化的关系，必须研究不同的文化之间的差异。【本讲课程的内容】I.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业II.第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较02英2第二节翻译中的词汇空缺余越蒙第三节翻译中的语义联想用e-mailI.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业给老师Time islife发的作业To watchingthe second hand moving little by little is themost shocking thingBecauseevery movement implies our lifespanhasbeen shortened a little.Tohavea look at thecalendar which hangs on the wall. Every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan hasshortened for a day.That's because time is life.No one does not treasure his life, but fewpays much attention to. If one has the thought of approaching something, obtaining someknowledge, enrich one's life, help others and make life meaningful rather than idle away inlifetime,oneshouldnotwastetime.Everyoneknowsit, butfewcould stick onmakingfulluse oftheir time.2田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 【本讲课程的引入】 翻译，虽说不像语言与文化那样历史悠久，却也有两千余年的 历史。因此，翻译也像语言和文化一样有诸多不同的定义。尽管众说纷纭，但真正意 义上的翻译其内涵是一致的，即：用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息，简 言之，是语际间的信息传递。毫无疑问，译者必须面对的是两种不同的语言，而这两 种语言各自归属于两种不同的文化系统。因此，译者所面对的不仅仅是两种不同的语 言，而且是两大片文化。如此看来，一个称职的译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人， 不仅能熟练运用两种不同的语言，更重要的是谙熟使用这两种语言的人们在文化背 景、渊源、风俗、习惯、政治制度及宗教信仰等多方面的差异。一个医生，无论其艺 术多么高明，如果做心脏手术时无视身体其他器官与心脏的密切关系和相互作用，手 术是不能成功的。同样，一个译者，如若只注重源语与译入语在语言方面的差异，而 忽视其所属的文化的系统的差异，其翻译也注定难以成功。因此，讨论翻译必须探讨 语言与文化的关系，必须研究不同的文化之间的差异。 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II．第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 第二节 翻译中的词汇空缺 第三节 翻译中的语义联想 I． 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 Time is life To watching the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thing. Because every movement implies our lifespan has been shortened a little. To have a look at the calendar which hangs on the wall. Every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan has shortened for a day. That’s because time is life. No one does not treasure his life, but few pays much attention to. If one has the thought of approaching something, obtaining some knowledge, enrich one’s life, help others and make life meaningful rather than idle away in life time, one should not waste time. Everyone knows it, but few could stick on making full use of their time. 02 英 2 佘越蒙 用 e-mail 给老师 发的作 业

I am one of these kinds of person who wasted lots of time. I don't play Mahjong;I seldom go to theaters and cinemas for years; I don't watch television for longtime, usually half an hour, and neither do I visit others for chat. Someone askedme, "What do you usually do?" I reflected back and found that except theunavoidable activities which concerned with working and communication mostof my time has been wasted. I should concentrate on the books I have neverread, I should make use ofmy time to write something,however,Idid not do so.Much of my time has been passed witlessly. “If one does not exert oneself inyouth, onewill regret it in old age."To watch the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thingbecauseeverymovementimpliesourlifespanhasbeenshortened(alittle).To(have a) look at the calendar which hangs on the wall, every day the tearing ofits page implies our lifespan has shortened by(not "for")a day. That is教师的because time is life.Everyone (not"No one does not")treasures his life, but修改few pay(s) much attention to it. If one has the thought of achieving (not"approaching")something,obtaining someknowledge,enriching one's lifehelping others and making lifemeaningful rather than just being idle (not"idleaway in life time"), one should not waste time.Everyoneknows it, but few can(not "could") stick to (not"on")making full use of their time.I amone ofthesekindsof people(not"person")whohaswasted lots of time.Idon't play Mahjong, I haven't been( not "seldom go") to theaters and cinemasfor years, I haven't(not"don't") watched television for a long time, and when!do, usually only half an hour, and neither doI visit others for a chat. If someoneasked me,Whatdo youusually dowith yourtime?Iwould reflectback andfind (not"found")that except the unavoidable activities which concern(ed)(with)working and communication,most of my time has been wasted.I shouldconcentrate more on (the) books that I have never read; I should make use of mytime to write something, however, Inever(not"did not")do so.Much ofmytime has been passed witlessly. j°If one does not exert oneself in youth, one willregret it in old age.Time is lifeTranslated by Zhang PeijiIt is most startling to see a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, eachclickmeaning theshortingof one's lifebya littlebit Likewise,with each patetorn off the wall calendar, one's life is shortened by another day.Time, therefore,is life.Nevertheless, few poOepl treasure their time as much as their life.Timemust not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquiresome useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your lifemay turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is foolproof, yet few peoplereallystrivetomake the best useoftheir time3田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 I am one of these kinds of person who wasted lots of time. I don’t play Mahjong; I seldom go to theaters and cinemas for years; I don’t watch television for long time, usually half an hour; and neither do I visit others for chat. Someone asked me, “What do you usually do?” I reflected back and found that except the unavoidable activities which concerned with working and communication, most of my time has been wasted. I should concentrate on the books I have never read, I should make use of my time to write something, however, I did not do so. Much of my time has been passed witlessly. “If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age.” To watch the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thing because every movement implies our lifespan has been shortened (a little). To (have a) look at the calendar which hangs on the wall, every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan has shortened by ( not "for") a day. That is because time is life. Everyone ( not "No one does not") treasures his life, but few pay(s) much attention to it. If one has the thought of achieving ( not "approaching") something, obtaining some knowledge, enriching one’s life, helping others and making life meaningful rather than just being idle ( not "idle away in life time"), one should not waste time. Everyone knows it, but few can ( not "could") stick to ( not "on") making full use of their time. I am one of these kinds of people ( not "person") who has wasted lots of time. I don’t play Mahjong, I haven't been ( not "seldom go") to theaters and cinemas for years, I haven't ( not "don’t") watched television for a long time, and when I do, usually only half an hour; and neither do I visit others for a chat. If someone asked me, ¡°What do you usually do with yourtime ? I would reflect back and find ( not "found") that except the unavoidable activities which concern(ed) (with) working and communication, most of my time has been wasted. I should concentrate more on (the) books that I have never read; I should make use of my time to write something, however, I never ( not "did not") do so. Much of my time has been passed witlessly. ¡°If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age. Time is life Translated by Zhang Peiji It is most startling to see a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, each click meaning the shorting of one’s life by a little bit. Likewise, with each pate torn off the wall calendar, one’s life is shortened by another day. Time, therefore, is life. Nevertheless, few po0epl treasure their time as much as their life. Time must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is foolproof, yet few people really strive to make the best use of their time. 教师的 修改

Note:实秋梁Personally,I am also a frittererI don'tplaymahjong.I seldom go to the（1902—1987）为theatre or cinema -I go there maybe once every few years. I seldom spend long我国著名现代作hours watchingTV-usuallyI watchIVfor nomore than30 minutes ata sitting家、翻译家、教育NordoIgovisiting andgossipingfromdoorto door.Somepeopleaskedme,家，一生致力于英"Then what do you do with most of your time?" Introspecting with remorse, I国文学研究。《时间found that apart from the time earmarked for my job and unavoidable social即生命》一文选自activities, most of my time had been wasted. I should have concentrated my他的散文集《雅舍energies on reading whatever books I have not yet read. I should have utilized小品》。all my time in writing anything I want to write. But I've failed to do so. Verymuch of my time has been frittered away aimlessly. As the saying goes, Onewho does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age.分析：1.这道理人人都懂，译为：allthatisfoolproof其中，foolproof作verysimpleto understand解，意思是“不言而喻”或“简单明了”。此句也可译为all thatisself-evident（汉英词典）2．我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个人。Fritterer“泛指时间、金钱等等的浪费者，又可专指“不爱借时间的人(apersonwhowastestime)3. If one doesn't exert oneself in youth, one will regret it inold age. Laziness inyouth spell regret in old age.I.第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较1.价值观念有别2.家族观念各异3.思维方式不同4.生活方式差异第二节翻译中的词汇空缺GapsinTranslation1.词汇空缺（LexicalGap)例1;况且这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿儿，竞是嫡亲孙女儿似的。（《红楼梦》第三回）David Hawkes:And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after yourside of the family,Grannie,she is more likea Jia.Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father,son-in-law of our old Ancestress,butlooksmore like a Chia.4田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4 Note: 梁实秋 （1902—1987）为 我 国 著 名 现 代 作 家、翻译家、教育 家，一生致力于英 国文学研究。《时间 即生命》一文选自 他的散文集《雅舍 小品》。 Personally, I am also a fritterer. I don’t play mahjong. I seldom go to the theatre or cinema – I go there maybe once every few years. I seldom spend long hours watching TV – usually I watch IV for no more than 30 minutes at a sitting. Nor do I go visiting and gossiping from door to door. Some people asked me, “Then what do you do with most of your time?” Introspecting with remorse, I found that apart from the time earmarked for my job and unavoidable social activities, most of my time had been wasted. I should have concentrated my energies on reading whatever books I have not yet read. I should have utilized all my time in writing anything I want to write. But I’ve failed to do so. Very much of my time has been frittered away aimlessly. As the saying goes, “ One who does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age. 分析： 1．这道理人人都懂，译为：all that is foolproof, 其中，foolproof 作 very simple to understand 解，意思是“不言而喻”或“简单明了”。此句也可译为 all that is self-evident (汉英词典) 2． 我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个人。Fritterer “泛指时间、金钱等等 的浪费者，又可专指“不爱惜时间的人(a person who wastes time) 3．If one doesn’t exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age. Laziness in youth spell regret in old age. II. 第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 1.价值观念有别 2. 家族观念各异 3. 思维方式不同 4. 生活方式差异 第二节翻译中的词汇空缺 Gaps in Translation 1. 词汇空缺 （Lexical Gap) 例 1： 况且这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿儿，竟是嫡亲孙女儿似的。（《红 楼梦》第三回） David Hawkes: And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie, she is more like a Jia. Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our old Ancestress, but looks more like a Chia

例2：我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the year of the Rooster*.I never eat chicken.The yearof the Rooster* will bring me good luck or bad luck.*Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12Earthly Branches, to symbolizethe year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993,for example,is the firstday ofthe Year of theRooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster , according to an old Chinese saying.become whether good-or-bad-luck years for them.翻译策略：策略：“释义法”、“变换角度、加注法第三节翻译中的语义联想（semanticassociation）例如：人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！（《红楼梦》第65回）David Hawkes: They call jealous people vinegar bottles, don't they?Well, she's not just a bottle of vinegar, she is storage-jar --- a wholecistern--- full of it.杨:If other women are jealous, she's hundred times so.策略：归化与异化domesticationandalienation下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明：（黑体为汉）1.打草惊蛇----beat about the bush (Don't-[not to]approach a subjectwithoutcomingtothepoint，trytosaysomethingindirectly.旁敲侧击）to alert the enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying outtheplannedattack2.亡羊补牢---lock the stabledoor after thehorsehas been stolen（为时晚）（takeprecautionswhenitistoolate）为时不晚：to repair the stable after a sheep is gone--still in time toavoidfurtherlosses.3.骨在喉-to have a bone in one's throat (to avoid making one'sopinionknown难于启齿）不吐不快：haveanopinionthat onecannot suppress4.同舟共济---to be in the same boat(to be in the same difficult situationordangers.处境相同，面临同样的危险)团结协作，共度难关：tocooperateandhelpeachotherinordertorideout a difficulty5.怒发冲冠---to makeone's hair stand on end (fill onewith fightorhorror；毛骨悚然)bristle with anger, to fly into a rage, to be in violent anger6.救命稻草---the last straw(thelatestof a series ofunpleasanteventswhich makes you feel that you cannot tolerate a situation any longer 令人由翠丢可事泽》5

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 例 2：我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。 I was born in the year of the Rooster*. I never eat chicken. The year of the Rooster* will bring me good luck or bad luck. *Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born. Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster , according to an old Chinese saying, become whether good-or-bad-luck years for them. 翻译策略：策略：“释义法”、“变换角度、加注法 第三节 翻译中的语义联想（semantic association) 例如：人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！（《红楼梦》第 65 回） David Hawkes: They call jealous people vinegar bottles, don’t they? Well, she’s not just a bottle of vinegar, she is storage-jar - a whole cistern- full of it. 杨：If other women are jealous, she’s hundred times so. 策略：归化与异化 domestication and alienation 下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明 下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明： (黑体为汉) 1．打草惊蛇-beat about the bush (Don’t-[not to]approach a subject without coming to the point, try to say something indirectly. 旁敲侧击) to alert the enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying out the planned attack 2．亡羊补牢-lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen （为时晚 矣）（take precautions when it is too late） 为时不晚：to repair the stable after a sheep is gone-still in time to avoid further losses. 3．骨鲠在喉-to have a bone in one’s throat (to avoid making one’s opinion known 难于启齿) 不吐不快：have an opinion that one cannot suppress. 4．同舟共济-to be in the same boat (to be in the same difficult situation or dangers. 处境相同，面临同样的危险) 团结协作，共度难关：to cooperate and help each other in order to ride out a difficulty 5．怒发冲冠-to make one’s hair stand on end (fill one with fight or horror; 毛骨悚然) bristle with anger, to fly into a rage, to be in violent anger 6． 救命稻草-the last straw (the latest of a series of unpleasant events which makes you feel that you cannot tolerate a situation any longer 令人 忍无可忍的事

a straw to clutch at (to catch at a straw)7.翻天覆地---tomoveheavenandearth(doone'sutmost全力以赴）epoch-making, earth-shaking8.属犬吠日---tobarkatthemoon（tomakefruitlessefforts空曦，徒劳）to make a fuss about something that one alone finds strange,uncalled(不必要的，多此一举的）foralarm（惊慌）orexcitementout of sheer ignorance.9.洗手不干--towashone'shands of（to refusetotakeanymoreresponsibilityforsb.orsth.不再管某事某人，洗手不干某事，和什么断绝关系，对某事不再负责（notnecessarilybadthings)（尤指坏事）towash one'hands of sb.or sth/stopdoing wrong andreform oneself10.食言---to eat one's word(takeback whatone has said)togobackonone'sword(违背，毁约，说了不算），tobreakwhatonehas said, break one's promise11.扯后腿---to pull somebody's leg(to tell someone something untrue as a joke,try to make somebody believe something that is untrue as a joke.)to hinder, to be a hindrance t sb12.衣服架子---clothes horse([fig] said of a personwhowears orpursuesfashionableclothing讲究穿着的人，追求时服饰的人，美俚：时装模特）(fig) said of a person who has a good figure and lookshandsome in all kinds of clothes.13.像过街老鼠---likeachurchmouse(verypoor:一贫如洗)人人喊打者：apersonhatedbyeveryone14.活到老学到老--live and learn(phrase used when one hears somethingnew,especiallysomethingsurprising：真是无奇不有。这事真新鲜！[用以对刚知道的事表示惊异)真是活一天学一天；真是活到老，学不了。真想不到。）One should keep learning in one's lifetime; one is never too late tolearn; keep on learning as long as you live.15.吹犬不咬人---Hisbark isworse than hisbite.(non derogatory损毁的；贬低的：He is not as unpleasant or as hostile as he seems to be:“他并不像外表那么凶，刀子嘴豆腐心”“他说话严厉，但并无恶意（并不伤人）”derogatory: Barking dogs do not bite.16.拿钱打了水漂---toplayducksanddrakes公鸭withone'smoney(ducks或duck鸭：母鸭（雄性为：drake）鸭肉亲爱的人：宝贝She'sa sweet oldduck.她是个可爱的老太婆。（to squander,wasteone's money,be extravagant)one's money has been waster, to spend money without bringing theexpected result6田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 6 a straw to clutch at (to catch at a straw) 7． 翻天覆地-to move heaven and earth (do one’s utmost 全力以赴) epoch-making, earth-shaking 8． 属犬吠日-to bark at the moon (to make fruitless efforts 空嚷，徒劳) to make a fuss about something that one alone finds strange, uncalled(不必要的 ，多此一举的) for alarm （惊慌） or excitement out of sheer ignorance. 9． 洗手不干-to wash one’s hands of（to refuse to take any more responsibility for sb. or sth.不再管某事某人, 洗手不干某事，和什么 断绝关系，对某事不再负责 (not necessarily bad things) （尤指坏事）to wash one’ hands of sb. or sth/stop doing wrong and reform oneself 10. 食言-to eat one’s word (take back what one has said) to go back on one’s word(违背，毁约，说了不算) , to break what one has said， break one’s promise 11. 扯后腿-to pull somebody’s leg(to tell someone something untrue as a joke, try to make somebody believe something that is untrue as a joke.) to hinder, to be a hindrance t sb. 12. 衣服架子-clothes horse ([fig] said of a person who wears or pursues fashionable clothing 讲究穿着的人，追求时髦服饰的人，美俚：时装模特) (fig) said of a person who has a good figure and looks handsome in all kinds of clothes. 13. 像过街老鼠-like a church mouse(very poor: 一贫如洗) 人人喊打者：a person hated by everyone 14. 活到老学到老-live and learn(phrase used when one hears something new, especially something surprising: 真是无奇不有。这事真新鲜！[用 以对刚知道的事表示惊异]真是活一天学一天；真是活到老，学不了。 真想不到。) One should keep learning in one’s lifetime; one is never too late to learn; keep on learning as long as you live. 15. 吠犬不咬人-His bark is worse than his bite. (non derogatory 损毁的； 贬低的: He is not as unpleasant or as hostile as he seems to be:“他并不 像外表那么凶，刀子嘴豆腐心”“他说话严厉，但并无恶意（并不伤 人）” derogatory: Barking dogs do not bite. 16. 拿钱打了水漂-to play ducks and drakes 公鸭 with one’s money. (ducks 或 duck 鸭；母鸭 （雄性为： drake） 鸭肉 亲爱的人；宝 贝 She's a sweet old duck. 她是个可爱的老太婆。（ to squander, waste one’s money, be extravagant） one’s money has been waster, to spend money without bringing the expected result

【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了在翻译中由于汉英文化差异而产生的词汇空缺现象及相应的翻译策略。【本讲课程的作业】1.阅读课本第5单元（59一69页）并完成书上的练习。II.短文翻译：现在有多少国人会讲英语呀！君不见有多少人考中级、高级轻轻松松就可以过关，可真正得了英语皮毛者，十能有几呢？更不要提精通二字。所以还是奉劝那些准翻译们，下笔之前要慎之又慎：告示牌的译者虽不用署名，可有碍国体呀。突然想起，前一段时间，某市的市长要出国洽谈生意，临走时要有关部门赶制一本城市介绍。我拿到这本画册的大样，见其中的错误，真如王胡棉衣里的虱子，捉也捉不净。其中最大的有两处：一处是说该市的国民生产总值（GNP）是五十元，核对了原稿才知漏了一个million，系五千万之误；另一处，我读到英文，吓了一跳，该市盛产老鼠（Mice）！忙去查对应的中文，才知系云母(Mica)之误。一边改正，边想，幸好我多事儿。仔细读了这即将付梓的大样的英文，否则，这位市长要想欣欣然乘着飞机，拿着这本画册去召商引资，那真是应了老百姓的一句粗话，叫光着推磨，转着圈丢人了。田翠芸《汉英翻译》1

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 7 【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了在翻译中由于汉英文化差异而产生 的词汇空缺现象及相应的翻译策略。 【本讲课程的作业】 I．阅读课本第 5 单元 （59－69 页）并完成书上的练习。 II．短文翻译： 现在有多少国人会讲英语呀！君不见有多少人考中级、高级轻轻 松松就可以过关，可真正得了英语皮毛者，十能有几呢？更不要提精 通二字。所以还是奉劝那些准翻译们，下笔之前要慎之又慎：告示牌 的译者虽不用署名，可有碍国体呀。 突然想起，前一段时间，某市的市长要出国洽谈生意，临走时要 有关部门赶制一本城市介绍。我拿到这本画册的大样，见其中的错误， 真如王胡棉衣里的虱子，捉也捉不净。其中最大的有两处：一处是说 该市的国民生产总值（GNP）是五十元，核对了原稿才知漏了一个 million，系五千万之误；另一处，我读到英文，吓了一跳，该市盛产老 鼠（Mice）！忙去查对应的中文，才知系云母(Mica)之误。一边改正， 一边想，幸好我多事儿。仔细读了这即将付梓的大样的英文，否则， 这位市长要想欣欣然乘着飞机，拿着这本画册去召商引资，那真是应 了老百姓的一句粗话，叫光着腚推磨，转着圈丢人了

第7周，第6讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第四章第四节语言中的文化因素解析授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解在常用词语、句式和语用意义中蕴含的文化因素。[重点】成语中的文化。【难点】成语中的文化。内容田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 8 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 7 周，第 6 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第四章 第四节 语言中的文化因素解析 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解在常用词语、句式和语用意义中蕴含的文化因素。 【重 点】成语中的文化。 【难 点】成语中的文化。 内 容

【本讲课程的引入】我们所说的文化意义指词语概念意义之外的内涵意义。具有这类双重意义的词语往往构成翻译的主要障碍，因为他们常常兼指多义，甚至以内涵意义为主。这样的词语，虽然能在英语找到概念相同的词语，却可能出现文化含义的不对应或假对应。如下面的词语在文化内涵上就有差别。卢春玲【本讲课程的内容】02 英(1)I.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业NO.17用e-mailII.第四章第四节语言中的文化因素解析给老师发的作业I.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业为例：What an immenselylarge number of people in our country who can speak EnglishAlthough many examinees have past the secondary and advanced tests without anydifficulty,people who even possess the superficialknowledge of EnglisharefewTherefore, their ability of English isfar away from proficiency.They do not needtoleave their names on notice boardstranslated.However,the unsuitable translatedwords can impose bad influence on our national image. As a result, it is wise togive a suggestion to those translators-to-be: you'd better think twice before youstart.Onething,all of a sudden, came intomymind:amayor of the city asked somerelevant department to make an introduction of this city in a hurry when he wasabout to go abroad to do business.After receiving one sample of the introductionIfound numerous mistakes, as the old saying: “It is hard to clear up all fleas inWang Hu's clothes",of whichthereweretwo major ones:onewasthat GNP ofthiscitywas 50RMB.Infact,itwas50millionRMB afterIcheckedtheoriginalone.Anotherwasthat.intheEnglish sample.itwassaidthatthiscityaboundedin田翠芸《汉英翻译》9

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 9 【本讲课程的引入】 我们所说的文化意义指词语概念意义之外的内涵意义。具有 这类双重意义的词语往往构成翻译的主要障碍，因为他们常常兼指多义，甚至以内 涵意义为主。这样的词语，虽然能在英语找到概念相同的词语，却可能出现文化含 义的不对应或假对应。如下面的词语在文化内涵上就有差别。 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II．第四章 第四节 语言中的文化因素解析 I． 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业为例： What an immensely large number of people in our country who can speak English. Although many examinees have past the secondary and advanced tests without any difficulty, people who even possess the superficial knowledge of English are few. Therefore, their ability of English is far away from proficiency. They do not need to leave their names on notice boards translated. However, the unsuitable translated words can impose bad influence on our national image. As a result, it is wise to give a suggestion to those translators-to-be: you’d better think twice before you start. One thing, all of a sudden, came into my mind: a mayor of the city asked some relevant department to make an introduction of this city in a hurry when he was about to go abroad to do business. After receiving one sample of the introduction I found numerous mistakes, as the old saying: “It is hard to clear up all fleas in Wang Hu’s clothes”, of which there were two major ones: one was that GNP of this city was 50RMB. In fact, it was 50 million RMB after I checked the original one. Another was that, in the English sample, it was said that this city abounded in 卢春玲 02 英(1) NO.17 用 e-mail 给老师发 的作业

Mice which made me shocked. Therefore I hastened to check thecorresponding Chinese one, and it turned out to be Mica instead of Mice.As Iwas correcting these mistakes, I was thinking that, owning to my careful readingon thisEnglish samplewhichwouldbeput intouse soon.Themayor,otherwise,教师的would have only gained humiliation with this introduction in the hope of修改acquiring investment.What an immensely large number of people in our country who say theycan speak English. Although many examinees have passed (not"past")the secondary and other advanced tests without any difficulty, peoplewho even possess even a (not"the") superficial knowledge of Englishare few in number.Therefore, their fluency in（not "ability of') Englishis far (away)from being proficient (not"proficiency").They do notneed to leave their names on notice boards translated.However,theunsuitablytranslated words can impose a bad influence on our nationalimage. As a result, it is perhaps wise to make (not"give") asuggestion to those translators-to-be: you'd better think twice before youstart !One thingthat suddenly(not"all ofa sudden,")came to(not"intomy")mind: a mayor of the city has asked some relevant departments to quickly makeup an introductory pamphlet about (not"of")this city (in a hurry) when hewas about to go abroad to dobusiness.After receiving one sample of theintroductionIfound numerous mistakes (as the old saying goes:"Itis hardtoclear up all fleas in Wang Hu-fs clothes"),two of which there were (two)majorones: one was that GNP ofthis city was 50RMB. In fact, it was 50 million RMBafterI checked the original one:Another was that, in theEnglish translation(not"sample"), it (was) said that this city abounded in "mice" which made meshocked. ThereforeI hastened to check the corresponding Chinese one, and itturned out to be"mica" instead of"mice".As I was correcting these mistakes,Iwas thinkingthat, butfor(not"owning to")my careful reading of (not"on")thisEnglish sample,whichwould beput into use soon,themayor,(otherwise)instead of acquiring investment, would have only gained humiliation with thisintroduction. (in thehope of acquiring investment.)What an increase nowadays in the number of our countrymen who, as theyclaim, can speak the English language! Small wonder if you see so many peoplehave passed their English test with so much ease at either intermediateorpost-intermediate levels. Still, I have my doubt about the percentage of themwho have really got even a smattering of essential English,not to say having athorough command of the language. Thus I feel obliged to advise thosepseudo-translators that they can never be too careful with checking and revisingwhat they have rendered from Chinese to English before setting it to print Evenwithtranslation ofannouncements and notices,wherethetranslatordoes not10田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 10 Mice which made me shocked. Therefore I hastened to check the corresponding Chinese one, and it turned out to be Mica instead of Mice. As I was correcting these mistakes, I was thinking that, owning to my careful reading on this English sample which would be put into use soon. The mayor, otherwise, would have only gained humiliation with this introduction in the hope of acquiring investment. What an immensely large number of people in our country who say they can speak English. Although many examinees have passed ( not "past") the secondary and other advanced tests without any difficulty, people who even possess even a ( not "the") superficial knowledge of English are few in number. Therefore, their fluency in ( not "ability of") English is far (away) from being proficient ( not "proficiency"). They do not need to leave their names on notice boards translated. However, the unsuitably translated words can impose a bad influence on our national image. As a result, it is perhaps wise to make ( not "give") a suggestion to those translators-to-be: you'd better think twice before you start ! One thing that suddenly ( not " all of a sudden,") came to ( not "into my") mind: a mayor of the city has asked some relevant departments to quickly make up an introductory pamphlet about (not "of") this city (in a hurry) when he was about to go abroad to do business. After receiving one sample of the introduction I found numerous mistakes (as the old saying goes: " It is hard to clear up all fleas in Wang Hu•fs clothes"), two of which there were (two) major ones: one was that GNP of this city was 50RMB. In fact, it was 50 million RMB after I checked the original one. Another was that, in the English translation ( not "sample"), it (was) said that this city abounded in "mice" which made me shocked. Therefore I hastened to check the corresponding Chinese one, and it turned out to be "mica" instead of "mice". As I was correcting these mistakes, I was thinking that, but for ( not "owning to") my careful reading of (not "on") this English sample, which would be put into use soon, the mayor, (otherwise) instead of acquiring investment, would have only gained humiliation with this introduction. (in the hope of acquiring investment.) What an increase nowadays in the number of our countrymen who, as they claim, can speak the English language! Small wonder if you see so many people have passed their English test with so much ease at either intermediate or post-intermediate levels. Still, I have my doubt about the percentage of them who have really got even a smattering of essential English, not to say having a thorough command of the language. Thus I feel obliged to advise those pseudo-translators that they can never be too careful with checking and revising what they have rendered from Chinese to English before setting it to print. Even with translation of announcements and notices, where the translator does not 教师的 修改