《翻译理论与实践》课程授课教案（汉英翻译）第三章 汉英对比与翻译（1/2）

第2周，第2讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第三章汉英对比与翻译授课题目（章、节）第一节英汉语言的共相第二节英汉语言的差异（一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解英汉两种语言既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。通过对这些特点进行对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平[重点】翻译对策【难点】汉英词汇的差异，内容-田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 2 周，第 2 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第三章 汉英对比与翻译 第一节 英汉语言的共相 第二节英汉语言的差异 （一）汉英词汇的对 比与翻译 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解英汉两种语言既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。通 过对这些特点进行对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平 【重 点】翻译对策 【难 点】汉英词汇的差异。 内 容

【本讲课程的引入】语言对比事翻译理论及翻译记忆的基础之一。诚如《孙子兵法》所言，“知己知彼，白战不”。就英汉两种语言来说，它们既有共同点，又各自具有自己的特点。如果不能通过对这些特点进行对比分析，来自如地驾驭互换方法，那么要想提高翻译水平讲是很困难的。【本讲课程的内容】第三章汉英对比与翻译Chapter Three Comparison between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation第一节英汉语言的共相Section oneCorrespondencebetweenChineseandEnglishand Chinese-EnglishTranslation例 1汉语词组有名词词组和动词词组。以名词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在句中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语，在句中作用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提到词或词组，其中词组则和前面说到的词往往起同一作用。Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases. A phrase with a noun as itscore, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known asverbal phrase.Aphrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, iscalled verb phrase. Moreover in usage notes, sometimes “a word or phrase" is used and thephrase here usually has the same function as the“word"mentioned before例2计算机刚出现，人们就把它的运算情况与思维或人脑作比较。此后，有关人工智能的讨论一直在进行。现在，有关这个问题出现了一些意见截然相反的争论。然而，普遍的看法是，既然智能是人所表现的一个特性，而计算机只是一台按程序编制者的指令行事的哑巴机器，机器就永远不会像人那样具有智能。2田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 【本讲课程的引入】 语言对比事翻译理论及翻译记忆的基础之一。诚如《孙子兵法》 所言，“知己知彼，白战不殆”。就英汉两种语言来说，它们既有共同点，又各自具有 自己的特点。如果不能通过对这些特点进行对比分析，来自如地驾驭互换方法，那么 要想提高翻译水平讲是很困难的。 【本讲课程的内容】 第三章 汉英对比与翻译 Chapter Three Comparison between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation 第一节 英汉语言的共相 Section one Correspondence between Chinese and English and Chinese-English Translation 例 1 汉语词组有名词词组和动词词组。以名词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在句 中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语， 在句中作用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提到词或词组， 其中词组则和前面说到的词往往起同一作用。 Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases. A phrase with a noun as its core, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known as verbal phrase. A phrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, is called verb phrase. Moreover in usage notes , sometimes “a word or phrase” is used and the phrase here usually has the same function as the “word” mentioned before. 例 2 计算机刚出现，人们就把它的运算情况与思维或人脑作比较。此后，有关人工智能的 讨论一直在进行。现在，有关这个问题出现了一些意见截然相反的争论。然而，普遍 的看法是，既然智能是人所表现的一个特性，而计算机只是一台按程序编制者的指令 行事的哑巴机器，机器就永远不会像人那样具有智能

Assoonasthecomputercameintobeing,manbegantocompareitsoperationswith thinking and the brain Since then, discussions on artificial intelligencehave been in progress. Now, there are some arguments both pro and conconcerning this question.However, it is generally assumed that sinceintelligence is acharacteristic exhibitedbyman and a computer is onlya dumbmachine which doesonly what the human programmer tells it to do,amachine can never beas intelligent as a manPractical Translation Exercises:兹定于10月10日下午2点在报告厅邀请美国斯坦福大学史密斯教授举办关于计算机软件最新发展的讲座。欢迎教师及研究生参加。计算机系10月5日LectureOctober5Topic:LatestDevelopment inComputer SoftwareSpeaker:Prof.Smith from Stanford University,USATime:2:00p.m..October10比较汉英行Place: Lecture Hall文的差异The teachers and graduates are welcome.缺乏英语国家的背景知识而第二节英汉语言的差异SectionTwoDifferencesbetweepChine造成的误译English and Chinese -English Translation实词类+虚词类汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹英：n,v,a,pron.ady,numeral/conj,prep,articleand interjection汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹英：n, v,a,pron.adv, numeral/conj,prep,article and interjection.（一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译Theremarkablesimilaritiesanddifferencesatthewordlevel两种语言的词类划分的异同显而易见：不对应：（汉）量≠（英）冠对应：1.名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词2.（汉）方位名词=（英）介词（1）英语词汇有形态变化，例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态、语气以及非谓语的变化（不定式、分词），名词有格和数的变化，许多词汇还因为添加前后词缀引起词义的变化等。英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，它主要靠词语、词序及暗含的逻辑关系表达出来。翻译对策：汉译英时，应把英语的时态、语态、情态、语气等用蕾谭的形变素现出来。3

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 As soon as the computer came into being, man began to compare its operations with thinking and the brain. Since then, discussions on artificial intelligence have been in progress. Now, there are some arguments both pro and con concerning this question. However, it is generally assumed that since intelligence is a characteristic exhibited by man and a computer is only a dumb machine which does only what the human programmer tells it to do, a machine can never be as intelligent as a man. Practical Translation Exercises: 兹定于 10 月 10 日下午 2 点在报告厅邀请美国斯坦福大学史密斯教授举办 关于计算机软件最新发展的讲座。欢迎教师及研究生参加。 计算机系 10 月 5 日 Lecture October 5 Topic: Latest Development in Computer Software Speaker: Prof. Smith from Stanford University, USA Time: 2:00 p.m. October 10 Place: Lecture Hall The teachers and graduates are welcome. 第二节英汉语言的差异 Section Two Differences between Chinese and English and Chinese –English Translation 实词类 + 虚词类 汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹 英：n, v, a, pron. adv, numeral/ conj, prep, article and interjection. 汉：名动形代副数/连介助叹 英：n, v, a, pron. adv, numeral/ conj, prep, article and interjection. （一）汉英词汇的对比与翻译 The remarkable similarities and differences at the word level 两种语言的词类 划分的异同显而易见： 不对应：（汉）量≠（英）冠 对应：1. 名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词 2.（汉）方位名词 =（英）介词 (1) 英语词汇有形态变化,例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态、语 气以及 非谓语的变化（不定式、分词），名词有格和数的变 化，许多词汇还因为 添加前后词缀引起词义的变化等。英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰 富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，它主要靠词语、 词序及暗含的逻辑关系表达出来。 翻译对策：汉译英时，应把英语的时态、语态、情态、语气等 用英语的形态变化表现出来。 比较汉英行 文的差异 缺乏英 语国家 的背景 知识而 造成的误译

例如：★听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来。★随着经济的发展，我国大城市的环境问题日益严重，极大地威胁着人民群众的身体健康。I couldhavelaughedtohearhimtalk likethis.InChina,withthedevelopmentofeconomy,theenvironmentalproblemsinbigcities are getting more and more serious, thus greatly endangering our people'shealth.★中国的铁路系统正在逐步进行改革，以便适应社会经济发展的需要China's railway system is being reformed gradually in order to gear to theeconomic needs of the society（2）英语的名词、介词、形容词、副词表达能力强，汉语的动词、词组、和短句构成了汉语的优势，汉译英时应把英语的优势体现出来。例如：★他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。A few flattery would set him carried away.★一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat（3）汉译英时应该善于使用介词，例如：★有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我放下正在批改的作业，抬头一看，原来是一个身材矮小的老太太，她满脸皱纹，慈祥地微笑着。Somebody tapped me on the shoulder and I looked up from the exercisebooks of my young pupils, which I was marking, into the lined, kind andsmilingfaceofa littleoldwoman（4）英语用词力戒重复，常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复，而汉语用词不怕重复。例如：★如果说些华丽的文章需要天资，而这种天资并不是人人都具备的，简洁则绝不是天生的。要做到简洁，必须经过严格的训练。据我所知，只有我们的语言才让人们感到有必要对这类散文起个名字，叫做华章。如果这种文章没有特色，那就没有必要起这个名字了。But if richness (in writing) needs gifts with which everyone is not endowed,simplicity by no means comes by nature.To achieve it needs rigiddiscipline. So far as I know, ours is the only language in which it has foundnecessary to give a name to the piece of prose which is described as thepurple patch, it would have been unnecessary to do so unless it werecharacteristic4田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4 例如： ★听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来。 ★ 随着经济的发展，我国大城市的环境问题日益严重，极大地 威 胁着人民群众的身体健康。 I could have laughed to hear him talk like this. In China, with the development of economy, the environmental problems in big cities are getting more and more serious, thus greatly endangering our people’s health. ★ 中国的铁路系统正在逐步进行改革，以便适应社会经济发展的需要。 China’s railway system is being reformed gradually in order to gear to the economic needs of the society. （2） 英语的名词、介词、形容词、副词表达能力强，汉语的动词、词组、 和短句构成了汉语的优势，汉译英时应把英语的优势体现出来。例如： ★ 他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。 A few flattery would set him carried away. ★ 一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。 I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat. （3）汉译英时应该善于使用介词，例如： ★ 有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我放下正在批改的作业，抬头一看，原 来是一个身材矮小的老太太，她满脸皱纹，慈祥地微笑着。 Somebody tapped me on the shoulder and I looked up from the exercise books of my young pupils, which I was marking, into the lined, kind and smiling face of a little old woman. (4） 英语用词力戒重复，常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复，而 汉语用词不怕重复。例如： ★ 如果说些华丽的文章需要天资，而这种天资并不是人人都具备的， 简洁则绝不是天生的。要做到简洁，必须经过严格的训练。据我所知， 只有我们的语言才让人们感到有必要对这类散文起个名字，叫做华章。 如果这种文章没有特色，那就没有必要起这个名字了。 But if richness (in writing) needs gifts with which everyone is not endowed, simplicity by no means comes by nature. To achieve it needs rigid discipline. So far as I know, ours is the only language in which it has found necessary to give a name to the piece of prose which is described as the purple patch; it would have been unnecessary to do so unless it were characteristic

力戒重复：i试修改下列的英译文。1.顺利完成to complete in victory2.热烈拥护to enthusiastically support积极支持3.to actively support4.努力做到to strive to achieve5.认真贯彻to solemnly execute6.深入批判to criticize deeply7.彻底粉碎to thoroughly foil8.广泛开展to widely launchl.9.严肃处理to seriously punish10.正确理解to correctly understand11.人类文化human culture12.相互交流mutual exchange13.难忘的记忆an unforgettablememory14.发挥重要作用toplayanimportantrole15.不必要的浪费unnecessary waste16．不应有的误解unnecessary misunderstandings17.不切实际的幻想impracticalillusion18.毫无根据的谁谤groundlessslander19.，耳朵听得见，眼晴看得见audibletotheearandvisibletotheeye1.顺利完成tofinish2.热烈拥护toback3.积极支持togiveastrongsupportto4.努力做到tomanageto/tryto5.认真贯彻tocarryout6.深入批判todenounce7.彻底粉碎tofoil8.广泛开展topromote9.严肃处理to punish seriously10.正确理解notto misunderstand人类文化11.culture12.相互交流exchange13.难忘的记忆lastingmemory14.发挥重要作用toplayanmajorrole15.不必要的浪费waste that may otherwise beavoided16.不应有的误解unfortunate misunderstandings17.不切实际的幻想tofondhope/wish/expectation;fondly imagine18.毫无根据的诽谤groundless allegations（断言）;slander19耳朵听得见，眼睛看得见audible and visible;aurally and visuallyperceptible,have good sight and hearing5田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 力戒重复：试修改下列的英译文。 1． 顺利完成 to complete in victory 2． 热烈拥护 to enthusiastically support 3． 积极支持 to actively support 4． 努力做到 to strive to achieve 5． 认真贯彻 to solemnly execute 6． 深入批判 to criticize deeply 7． 彻底粉碎 to thoroughly foil 8． 广泛开展 to widely launch1． 9. 严肃处理 to seriously punish 10． 正确理解 to correctly understand 11． 人类文化 human culture 12． 相互交流 mutual exchange 13． 难忘的记忆 an unforgettable memory 14． 发挥重要作用 to play an important role 15．不必要的浪费 unnecessary waste 16．不应有的误解 unnecessary misunderstandings 17．不切实际的幻想 impractical illusion 18．毫无根据的诽谤 groundless slander 19. 耳朵听得见，眼睛看得见 audible to the ear and visible to the eye 1． 顺利完成 to finish 2． 热烈拥护 to back 3． 积极支持 to give a strong support to 4． 努力做到 to manage to/try to 5． 认真贯彻 to carry out 6． 深入批判 to denounce 7． 彻底粉碎 to foil 8． 广泛开展 to promote 9． 严肃处理 to punish seriously 10． 正确理解 not to misunderstand 11． 人类文化 culture 12． 相互交流 exchange 13． 难忘的记忆 lasting memory 14． 发挥重要作用 to play an major role 15． 不必要的浪费 waste that may otherwise be avoided 16． 不应有的误解 unfortunate misunderstandings 17． 不切实际的幻想 fond hope/wish/expectation ; to fondly imagine 18． 毫无根据的诽谤 groundless allegations (断言); slander 19. 耳朵听得见，眼睛看得见 audible and visible； aurally and visually perceptible; have good sight and hearing

Translation Exercises练习：按照要求翻译下列句子1）我们对这件事当然有发言权。（matter）Ofcoursewehavea say inthismatter.2）真是想不到的事。（surprise)What a surprise!3）这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。（event)Thenewbookwasthe cultural event oftheyear.4）各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。（affairs)Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discussaffairs of the state5）这绝不是轻而易举的事。（job)It's certainly no easy job.6）从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。（duty)It's a teacher's duty to be concerned about the studentsideology.(showsolicitude for, care for)7）我已把事情讲清楚了。(case)I've already put this case clear.8）我可以举出好几件事来证明。（instance）I can citeafew instances to illustrate it.9）这不是开玩笑的事。（joke)This is no joke.10)那是件普通小事。(incident)That is an ordinary incident【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了英汉语言词汇对比及互译对策6田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 6 Translation Exercises 练习：按照要求翻译下列句子 1）我们对这件事当然有发言权。（matter） Of course we have a say in this matter. 2）真是想不到的事。(surprise) What a surprise! 3）这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。(event) The new book was the cultural event of the year. 4）各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。(affairs) Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of the state. 5）这绝不是轻而易举的事。(job) It’s certainly no easy job. 6）从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。(duty) It’s a teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ ideology. (show solicitude for, care for) 7）我已把事情讲清楚了。(case) I’ve already put this case clear. 8）我可以举出好几件事来证明。(instance) I can cite a few instances to illustrate it. 9）这不是开玩笑的事。(joke) This is no joke. 10） 那是件普通小事。(incident) That is an ordinary incident. 【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讲了英汉语言词汇对比及互译对策

【本讲课程的作业】I.阅读课本第二单元（17一26页）并完成书上的练习。II.段落翻译：1.如果一个国家能够有效地利用所有的信息，那么将会在科学研究、教育、经济发展等领域受益。该国所需要的是建立一个全国性的“信息网络”，从而把科学家、商人、教育家等联系起来。如果能建成这样一个网络，这将促成该国的第二次信息革命。2．好多年来，在许多国家有人一直在说，铁路系统已经不发挥作用了。仿佛汽车和飞机已经完全取代了铁路。我们常听人们说“火车太慢，又亏本，所以正在逐渐消失”。但事实并非如此。在这油价昂贵的日子里，铁路远远胜过其他的运输工具。7田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 7 【本讲课程的作业】 I．阅读课本第二单元 （17－26 页）并完成书上的练习。 II．段落翻译： 1．如果一个国家能够有效地利用所有的信息，那么将会在科学研究、教育、 经济发展等领域受益。 该国所需要的是建立一个全国性的“信息网 络”，从而把科学家、商人、教育家等联系起来。如果能建成这样一个网络， 这将促成该国的第二次信息革命。 2．好多年来，在许多国家有人一直在说，铁路系统已经不发挥作用了。仿 佛汽车和飞机已经完全取代了铁路。我们常听人们说“火车太慢，又亏本， 所以正在逐渐消失”。但事实并非如此。在这油价昂贵的日子里，铁路远远 胜过其他的运输工具

第3周，第3讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第三章第二节（二）汉英句子的对比与翻译一、语义型句子和语法型句子授课题目（章、节）二、“话题一—说明结构"与“主语一—谓语"结构三、汉语“竹节式结构与英语“葡萄串"式结构四、汉语“狮子头”句式与英语“孔雀尾"句式本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解汉英两种语言中句子各自的特点，通过对这些特点进行对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平。[重点】汉英句型对比分析【难点】汉语语义型句子向英语的语法型句子的转换内容【本讲课程的引入】InEnglish,clausesorphrasesarecoordinatedwithorsubordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese they are placedone after anotherwithout coordinating connectives.【本讲课程的内容】1.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业II.第三章第二节（二）汉英句子的对比与翻译一、语义型句子和语法型句子二、“话题一说明结构”与“主语一谓语”结构三、汉语“竹节”式结构与英语“葡萄串”式结构四、汉语“狮子头”句式与英语“孔雀尾"句式学生作业分析：仅以一个学生的作业为例：田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 8 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 3 周，第 3 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第三章 第二节（二）汉英句子的对比与翻译 一、语义型句子和语法型句子 二、 “话题——说明结构”与“主语——谓语”结构 三、汉语“竹节”式结构与英语“葡萄串”式结构 四、汉语“狮子头”句式与英语“孔雀尾”句式 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解汉英两种语言中句子各自的特点，通过对这些特点进行 对比分析，掌握互换方法，提高翻译水平。 【重 点】汉英句型对比分析 【难 点】汉语语义型句子向英语的语法型句子的转换 内 容 【本讲课程的引入】 In English, clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese they are placed one after another without coordinating connectives. 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II. 第三章 第二节（二）汉英句子的对比与翻译 一、语义型句子和语法型句子 二、 “话题——说明结构”与“主语——谓语”结构 三、汉语“竹节”式结构与英语“葡萄串”式结构 四、汉语“狮子头”句式与英语“孔雀尾”句式 I. 学生作业分析：仅以一个学生的作业为例：

1. If a nation can make good /effective use of all the information, it will benefit infields of scientific research, education, economic development etc.What the nationneeds to do is to set up /establish a nation-wide“information network” so as to linkup scientists, businessmen and educators, etc.If such a network is set up, it willpromotea second information revolution in this country.2.Foryears, somepeople in many countrieshavebeen saying that railway system hasnotplayed its role any more.It seems as if automobiles and airplanes have alreadyreplaced/taken the place ofthe railway.We often hear people say,“Trains are too slowand often lose money. Therefore they are disappearing gradually." But the fact is notso. Railway is far better than any other transportation means during the days when theoil price is so high（二）Differences between Chinese and English at the sentence level andChinese-Englishtranslation汉英句子对比与翻译一、语义型句子和语法型句子（汉）：语义型→判断句子的标准→词语表达出相对完整的意思。宽松；句号位置也有弹性。正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九，装束与前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人以上之姿，只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》第二回）Amidst the feverish bustling there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or参考译nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like文melon-seed.Herbeauty was above the average woman----charming but not coquettish,andaclarityofcomplexionbutnotcoldness.（晚清四大遣责小说：吴研人的《二十年目睹之怪现状》；曾朴的《孽海花》；李伯元的《官场现形记》；刘的《老残游记》）9田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 9 1. If a nation can make good /effective use of all the information, it will benefit in fields of scientific research, education, economic development etc. What the nation needs to do is to set up /establish a nation-wide “information network” so as to link up scientists, businessmen and educators, etc. If such a network is set up, it will promote a second information revolution in this country. 2. For years, some people in many countries have been saying that railway system has not played its role any more. It seems as if automobiles and airplanes have already replaced/taken the place of the railway. We often hear people say, “Trains are too slow and often lose money. Therefore they are disappearing gradually.” But the fact is not so. Railway is far better than any other transportation means during the days when the oil price is so high. （二） Differences between Chinese and English at the sentence level and Chinese-English translation 汉英句子对比与翻译 一、语义型句子和语法型句子 （汉）：语义型→ 判断句子的标准→词语表达出相对完整的意思。 宽松；句号 位置也有弹性。 正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九，装束与 前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人以上之姿，只觉得秀而不 媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》第二回） Amidst the feverish bustling, there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness. (晚清四大谴责小说：吴研人的《二十 年目睹之怪现状》；曾朴的《孽海花》；李伯元的《官场现形记》；刘鹗的《老残 游记》) 参考译 文

Amidst the feverish bustling there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen ornineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped likemelon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman----charming but not coquettish,andaclarityof complexionbutnotcoldness.（英）：语法型。完整句子→一致关系（concord）的"主一谓结构（S一V）→（汉）：无主句，无动词句（比比皆是）（英）：主语动词不可缺。看样子要变天了。It seems theweatherischanging当时我在北京。IwasinBeijingatthetime是谁呀？是我Whowasit?It'sme叶子黄了。Theleavesturnedbrown抽烟吗？抽（不抽）。Doyousmoke?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't不行！Itwon'tdo!二、“话题一说明结构”与“主语一谓语”结构话题：说话人想要说明的对象，总放在句子的开头。如果语言环境或上下文可以暗示话题，也可以省略。说明：位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点，与英语的句子一个主语和一个谓语相一致的结构大不相同。例如1.有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王宾，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who travelled over ranges ofmountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged forWang's help.2．他五岁时候，生了一场寒，变成了聋子。He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.(Typhoid Mary伤寒病患者[带菌者]；传染病患者)3.老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了儿步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，整进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》）Absorbed in his walking,Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lyingdistantly ahead of him.He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves ofa shopinfrontof itscloseddoor三、汉语“竹节”式结构与英语“葡萄串”式结构10田翠芸《汉英翻译》

田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 10 Amidst the feverish bustling, there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness. （英）：语法型。完整句子→一致关系（concord）的“主—谓”结构（S—V）→ （汉）：无主句，无动词句（比比皆是） （英）：主语动词不可缺。 看样子要变天了。 It seems the weather is changing. 当时我在北京。I was in Beijing at the time. 是谁呀？是我 Who was it? It’s me. 叶子黄了。 The leaves turned brown. 抽烟吗？抽（不抽）。 Do you smoke? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. 不行！It won’t do! 二、“话题——说明结构”与“主语——谓语”结构 话题：说话人想要说明的对象，总放在句子的开头。如果语言环境或上下文可以 暗示话题，也可以省略。 说明：位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分 不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或 连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语 义而定。 汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点，与英语的句子一个主 语和一个谓语相一致的结构大不相同。例如： 1．有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王宾，痛苦地做着各种手势，要 求得到帮助。 There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who travelled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang’s help. 2．他五岁时候，生了一场寒，变成了聋子。 He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever. (Typhoid Mary 伤寒病患者[带菌者]; 传染病患者) 3. 老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。 他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》） Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door. 三、汉语“竹节”式结构与英语“葡萄串”式结构