《翻译理论与实践》课程授课教案（汉英翻译）第六章 词语的翻译（2/2）

Name of the Course:E-C TranslationWeek: ElevenLecture:NineAbstractTitle/topicUnit Six-OneSkills for the Translation of Long Sentence【Contents】■第一节名词性从句（NominalClause）的翻译■第一小节主语从句（SubjectiveClause）（常伴随有形式主语“it”）■第二小节宾语从句（ObjectiveClause）（可伴随有形式宾语“it"）■第三小节表语从句（PredictiveClause）■第四小节同位语从句（AppositiveClause）[ImportantandDifficultPoints】■第一小节主语从句（SubjectiveClause）（常伴随有形式主语“it”）■第二小节宾语从句（ObjectiveClause）（可伴随有形式宾语“it"）■第四小节同位语从句（AppositiveClause）Details【Sub-Section One】主语从句1■1.主语从句What he told mewas only half-truth.■他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression■他此行的所见所闻都给他留下深刻的印象。■能够引导主语从句的词有：主语从句2“it"作形式主语时，语序颠倒，it有时不翻译。It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.■他参不参加会议都没关系。 It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.■驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看起来是不可想象的事

Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Eleven Lecture: Nine Abstract Title/topic Unit Six-One Skills for the Translation of Long Sentence 【Contents】 ▪ 第一节 名词性从句（Nominal Clause）的翻译 ▪ 第一小节 主语从句（Subjective Clause）（常伴随有形式主语 “it” ） ▪ 第二小节 宾语从句（Objective Clause）（可伴随有形式宾语 “it”） ▪ 第三小节 表语从句（Predictive Clause） ▪ 第四小节 同位语从句（Appositive Clause） 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 主语从句（Subjective Clause）（常伴随有形式主语 “it” ） ▪ 第二小节 宾语从句（Objective Clause）（可伴随有形式宾语 “it”） ▪ 第四小节 同位语从句（Appositive Clause） Details 【Sub-Section One】 主语从句 1 ▪ 1. 主语从句: ▪ What he told me was only half-truth. ▪ 他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。 ▪ Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. ▪ 他此行的所见所闻都给他留下深刻的印象。 ▪ 能够引导主语从句的词有： 主语从句 2 ▪ “it”作形式主语时，语序颠倒，it有时不翻译。 ▪ It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. ▪ 他参不参加会议都没关系。 ▪ It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. ▪ 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看起来是不可想象的事

【Sub-SectionTwo】宾语从句1■2.宾语从句：I understand that he is well qualified, butI feel that he needs more experience.■我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多的经验。We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take■关于他将走哪条路线，我们还没有确切的消息。宾语从句2■用形式宾语：it（有时不翻译it） Itake it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him■我理所当然地认为你会过来跟他谈这件事的。I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.■我被选参加会议，感到十分荣幸。[Sub-Section Three】■表语从句：. Things are not always as they seem to be■事物并不总是如其表象。His view of the press was that thereporters were either for him or against him.■他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。【Sub-Section Four】同位语从句1■4.同位语从句■结构有点象定语从句，不同的是从句所承载的是它前面中心词所包含的具体内容。■同位语从句=中心词所包含的具体内容。同位语从句2Yet, from the beginning, thefact that I was alive was ignored·然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark mightaccidentallybypassthemostcarefully planned circuit.·而且总有这种可能性：一个小小的电火花，可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的路线

【Sub-Section Two】 宾语从句 1 ▪ 2. 宾语从句： ▪ I understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience. ▪ 我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多的经验。 ▪ We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take. ▪ 关于他将走哪条路线，我们还没有确切的消息。 宾语从句 2 ▪ 用形式宾语：it （有时不翻译it） ▪ I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him ▪ 我理所当然地认为你会过来跟他谈这件事的。 ▪ I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. ▪ 我被选参加会议，感到十分荣幸。 【Sub-Section Three】 ▪ 表语从句： ▪ Things are not always as they seem to be. ▪ 事物并不总是如其表象。 ▪ His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. ▪ 他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。 【Sub-Section Four】 同位语从句 1 ▪ 4. 同位语从句 ▪ 结构有点象定语从句, 不同的是从句所承载的是它前面中心词所包含的具体 内容。 ▪ 同位语从句 =中心词所包含的具体内容。 同位语从句 2 ▪ Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored. ▪ 然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。 ▪ And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. ▪ 而且总有这种可能性 ：一个小小的电火花，可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设 计的路线

【AdditionalMaterial]科技文体特点1■词义特点：■1)单义词(专业术语)■2)普通词转化为专业词义The work of these watches are all home-produced and wear well■这些表的机件均系国产，耐磨性好。·名词化结构（名词代替动词）：. Laser is one of the most sensational development in recent years because of itsapplicabilitytomanyfields of scienceand its adaptabilitytopractical use■激光是近年最惊人的科学成就之一，因为它可以应用于多学科领域，也适合各种实际用途科技文体特点2■科技英语的构词特点：■纯科技词：hydroxide（氢氧化物）,anode(阳极）-通用科技词汇：transmission，operation，power.-派生词: anti-, micro-, macro-, hydro-,hyper-,hypo-, dis-,mis-,un-, uni-,tri-,dec-,-logy, -ics, -tion, -ity, -ment, -ence, etc■缩写词：HIT-HealthIndicationTestab,a/b,a&b,aB,AB科技文体翻译特点3■四．科技英语的句法特点：■A大量使用被动结构，翻译成汉语时一般用主动形式。■B.大量使用非谓语动词：Today the electronic computer is widelyused in solvingmathematical problemshavingtodowithweatherforecastingandputting satellites intoorbit·今天，计算机广泛运用于解决一些数学问题，这些问题与天气预报和把卫星送入轨道有关。科技文体翻译特点4■.名词化倾向：广泛使用名词词组（表示动作意义的名词+of+名词+修饰语）结构。The testing ofmachines by this method entails some loss of power■用这种方法测试机器会浪费一些能量。The substitution of some rolling frictionfor sliding friction results in a veryconsiderablereductioninfriction·用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力

【Additional Material】 科技文体特点 1 ▪ 词义特点: ▪ 1)单义词(专业术语) ▪ 2)普通词转化为专业词义 ▪ The work of these watches are all home-produced and wear well. ▪ 这些表的机件均系国产, 耐磨性好。 ▪ 名词化结构 (名词代替动词）： ▪ Laser is one of the most sensational development in recent years because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical use. ▪ 激光是近年最惊人的科学成就之一，因为它可以应用于多学科领域，也适合各 种实际用途 科技文体特点 2 ▪ 科技英语的构词特点： ▪ 纯科技词：hydroxide（氢氧化物 ), anode(阳极) ▪ 通用科技词汇：transmission, operation, power. ▪ 派生词：anti-, micro-, macro-, hydro-, hyper-, hypo-, dis-, mis-, un-, uni-, tri-, dec-, -logy, -ics, -tion, -ity, -ment, -ence, etc ▪ 缩写词：HIT – Health Indication Test ab, a/b, a&b, aB, AB 科技文体翻译特点 3 ▪ 四. 科技英语的句法特点： ▪ A. 大量使用被动结构，翻译成汉语时一般用主动形式。 ▪ B. 大量使用非谓语动词： ▪ Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. ▪ 今天，计算机广泛运用于解决一些数学问题，这些问题与天气预报和把卫星送 入轨道有关。 科技文体翻译特点 4 ▪ C. 名词化倾向：广泛使用名词词组（表示动作意义的名词 + of + 名词 + 修 饰语）结构。 ▪ The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power. ▪ 用这种方法测试机器会浪费一些能量。 ▪ The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. ▪ 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力

科技文体翻译欣赏1-NASA successfully adapted communications and data-gathering technologies tosend small, technologically advanced spacecraft to explore Mars.Put moreresearch will be required in order to develop the critical systems needed to studyplanets beyond our solar system,according to a committee of the NationalResearchCouncil.·美国国家航空天空管理局(NASA）已成功地改进了通讯技术和信急收集技术以发射技术先进的小型航人器去探索火星。但据美国国家研究委员会称要开发出能研究太阳系以外的行星的关键系统仍需要进一步的研究。科技文体翻译欣赏 Put nuclear power to work. Many deep-space missions that are unable to rely onsolarenemy coulduseadvancednuclearreactors.Nuclearpower systems arecompact, durable, and resistant to space radiation and dust storms. Research shouldfocus on improving energy conversion efficiency and developing safer nuclearpowersourcesthroughnewmaterialanddesigns.Shieldcompute memories and electronics from radiation.Radiation in spacedamages sensitive computers and disrupts signals.Tocombatthisproblem,weneed todevelop lightweight shieldingprotectivematerials,anddata-recoverymethods.科技文体翻译欣赏■启用核动力。许多无法依赖太阳能为动力的外层空间探索飞行可利用先进的核反应堆为动力源。核动力系统小巧耐用，抗宇宙辐射和尘暴。应当研究如何提高能量转换效率.以及如何利用新材料和新设计开发出更安全的核动力源。保护计算机存储器和电子仪器不受辐射。宇宙辐射会损坏对辐射敏感的计算机.并且会干扰信号。要解决辐射问题.我们需要开发轻型屏蔽设备、防护材料和数据恢复法。【Summary of the Lecture】Today we have mainly studied nominal clasuses in E-C translation. Weshould pay our attention to subjective,objective and appositive clauses inE-C translation.【HomeworkaftertheLecture】]1. Review the content wehave studied,prepare an oral report ontheimportant and difficult points of the lectureSelect an English scientificl essay and translate the part of about 1002.wordsthatyou likethebest into Chinese

科技文体翻译欣赏 1 ▪ NASA successfully adapted communications and data-gathering technologies to send small, technologically advanced spacecraft to explore Mars. Put more research will be required in order to develop the critical systems needed to study planets beyond our solar system, according to a committee of the National Research Council. ▪ 美国国家航空天空管理局(NASA)己成功地改进了通讯技术和信急收集技术. 以发射技术先进的小型航人器去探索火星。但据美国国家研究委员会称.要开 发出能研究太阳系以外的行星的关键系统仍需要进一步的研究。 科技文体翻译欣赏 ▪ Put nuclear power to work. Many deep-space missions that are unable to rely on solar enemy could use advanced nuclear reactors. Nuclear power systems are compact, durable, and resistant to space radiation and dust storms. Research should focus on improving energy conversion efficiency and developing safer nuclear power sources through new material and designs. ▪ Shield compute memories and electronics from radiation. Radiation in space damages sensitive computers and disrupts signals. To combat this problem, we need to develop lightweight shielding protective materials, and data-recovery methods. 科技文体翻译欣赏 ▪ 启用核动力。许多无法依赖太阳能为动力的外层空间探索飞行可利用先进的 核反应堆为动力源。核动力系统小巧耐用，抗宇宙辐射和尘暴。应当研究如 何提高能量转换效率.以及如何利用新材料和新设计开发出更安全的核动力 源。 保护计算机存储器和电子仪器不受辐射。宇宙辐射会损坏对辐射敏感的计算 机.并且会干扰信号。要解决辐射问题.我们需要开发轻型屏蔽设备、防护材料 和数据恢复法。 【Summary of the Lecture】 Today we have mainly studied nominal clasuses in E-C translation. We should pay our attention to subjective, objective and appositive clauses in E-C translation. 【Homework after the Lecture】 1. Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the important and difficult points of the lecture. 2. Select an English scientificl essay and translate the part of about 100 wordsthat you like the best into Chinese

Name of the Course: E-C TranslationWeek: TwelveLecture: TenAbstractTitle/topicUnit Six-TwoSkills for the Translation of Long Sentence【Contents】■第二节定语从句（AttributiveClause）的翻译■第一小节限定性定语从句（RestrictiveAttributiveClause）■第二小节非限定性定语从句（Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClause）■第三小节定语从句翻译总结（SummaryfortheTranslationofAttributiveClause）【ImportantandDifficultPoints】■第一小节限定性定语从句（RestrictiveAttributiveClause）■第三小节定语从句翻译总结（SummaryfortheTranslationofAttributiveClause）Details【Sub-Section One]限定性定语从句1■一，限制性定语从句（RestrictiveAttributiveClause）：■1：单项定语从句（简单定语）（即一个中心词只被一个定语从句所限制）■2.多项定语从句（复杂定语）限定性定语从句2■1.单项定语从句的翻译：■1）前置法（或合译法）：（把定语从句置于所修饰的中心词前）·按照汉语习惯，定语一般放在中心词前，所以翻译时把英语的定语部分放在中心词前，变成“定语从句的内容+的+中心词"的模式。1) The man who gave us a report yesterday was model worker2)A library is a place where books are kept for reading限定性定语从句3■2)拆译法(division)或后置法如果前置法造成定语成份过长，影响句子平衡时，我们就选择拆译法，即定语留在原来位置，作单独句子。 They are strivingforthe ideal which is closetothe heartof every Chinese and forwhich, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.■在这句子中"whichiscloseto..."和"forwhich,inthepast,many..."都分别作单独句子处理。遇到长句时，拆译是一种比较常见的方法

Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Twelve Lecture: Ten Abstract Title/topic Unit Six-Two Skills for the Translation of Long Sentence 【Contents】 ▪ 第二节 定语从句（Attributive Clause）的翻译 ▪ 第一小节 限定性定语从句（Restrictive Attributive Clause） ▪ 第二小节 非限定性定语从句（Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause） ▪ 第三小节 定语从句翻译总结 （Summary for the Translation of Attributive Clause） 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 限定性定语从句（Restrictive Attributive Clause） ▪ 第三小节 定语从句翻译总结（Summary for the Translation of Attributive Clause） Details 【Sub-Section One】 限定性定语从句 1 ▪ 一. 限制性定语从句（Restrictive Attributive Clause）： ▪ 1. 单项定语从句 (简单定语)（即一个中心词只被一个定语从句所限制） ▪ 2. 多项定语从句 (复杂定语) 限定性定语从句 2 ▪ 1. 单项定语从句的翻译： ▪ 1) 前置法(或合译法）： (把定语从句置于所修饰的中心词前） ▪ 按照汉语习惯，定语一般放在中心词前，所以翻译时把英语的定语部分放在 中心词前，变成“定语从句的内容 + 的 + 中心词”的模式。 1) The man who gave us a report yesterday was model worker. 2) A library is a place where books are kept for reading. 限定性定语从句 3 ▪ 2)拆译法(division)或后置法 如果前置法造成定语成份过长，影响句子平衡时，我们就选择拆译法，即定 语留在原来位置，作单独句子。 ▪ They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. ▪ 在这句子中“which is close to.”和“for which, in the past, many .”都分别作单 独句子处理。遇到长句时，拆译是一种比较常见的方法

限定性定语从句4■3）融合法（mixture)■一般用于两种情况：A.therebe结构：B.中心词（或主句）部分短小简单，主要信息落在定语上。·融合的结果是中心词变成了定语从句的主语，这样中心词和定语从句容为一体。We are a nation that must adhere to the guiding principle of socialism and fourmodernization·Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makesthe wire very hot.限定性定语从句5■2．多项定语从句：■a）并列定语从句：一般用and,or或but连接-This practice book is intendedforforeign engineersor students of engineeringwhohavealreadymasteredtheelementsofEnglish,andwhonowwanttousetheirknowledgeof the languagetoread books on theirown subjects■这本实用书是为那些已经掌握英语基本知识，而现在想用已学到的语言知识来阅读自已相关科自的书籍的外国工程人员和工程专业学生而编写的。■并列定语也称“一主二仆”式定语。限定性定语从句6■这类句子翻译时要看连接词在句中的语义作用来确定翻译方法，如上句的两个定语之间的逻辑关系是平等的，翻译出来的定语也是平等的。 Just consider that we use hardly one hundredthousandth of the heat that there is incoal andthatcouldbeextractedfromit!请想一想，储藏在煤里并可以提取的热量，我们用的还不到十万分之一！如果定语之间的逻辑在时间先后，因果等方面存在关系，翻译时要相应处理 The house (that) he bought in 1968, and that he sold two years later, is again on themarket！1968年他买的那幢房子，两年后他卖掉了，而现在买主又要卖了。限定性定语从句7■b）层次定语从句（多重定语）：大定语中有小定语。This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake lay in the housethat Jackbuilt.-I was endeavoringtoput off one sortof lifeforanother sortof lifewhich was notbetterthanthelifeIhadknownbefore·我那是想要脱离一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我换到的生活比先前那一种并不见得好。·如果多从定语从句会造成定语部分太长，前置处理会出现头重脚轻，那么根据定语之间的内部关系进拆分。-Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humansand their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionatedmannerthat natural scientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena

限定性定语从句 4 ▪ 3) 融合法（mixture) ▪ 一般用于两种情况：A. there be结构；B.中心词（或主句）部分短小简单，主 要信息落在定语上。 ▪ 融合的结果是中心词变成了定语从句的主语，这样中心词和定语从句容为一 体。  We are a nation that must adhere to the guiding principle of socialism and four modernization.  Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot. 限定性定语从句 5 ▪ 2. 多项定语从句： ▪ a) 并列定语从句：一般用and, or 或but连接 ▪ This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their own subjects. ▪ 这本实用书是为那些已经掌握英语基本知识，而现在想用已学到的语言知识来 阅读自己相关科目的书籍的外国工程人员和工程专业学生而编写的。 ▪ 并列定语也称 “一主二仆”式定语。 限定性定语从句 6 ▪ 这类句子翻译时要看连接词在句中的语义作用来确定翻译方法，如上句的两个 定语之间的逻辑关系是平等的，翻译出来的定语也是平等的。 ▪ Just consider that we use hardly one hundred thousandth of the heat that there is in coal and that could be extracted from it! ▪ 请想一想，储藏在煤里并可以提取的热量，我们用的还不到十万分之一! ▪ 如果定语之间的逻辑在时间先后，因果等方面存在关系，翻译时要相应处理： ▪ The house (that) he bought in 1968, and that he sold two years later, is again on the market. ▪ 1968年他买的那幢房子，两年后他卖掉了，而现在买主又要卖了。 限定性定语从句 7 ▪ b) 层次定语从句（多重定语）：大定语中有小定语。 ▪ This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake lay in the house that Jack built. ▪ I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life which was not better than the life I had known before. ▪ 我那是想要脱离一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我换到的生活比先前那一种 并不见得好。 ▪ 如果多从定语从句会造成定语部分太长，前置处理会出现头重脚轻，那么根 据定语之间的内部关系进拆分。 ▪ Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionated manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena

限定性定语从句8■c）重叠式多重定语从句(overlappedmultipleattributiveclause)■这一结构的特点是，第一个定语从句修饰其前的先行词，第二个定语从句修饰该°先行词+第一个定语从句士。第一个定语从句的关系词多为从句的宾语，通常省略。But there are other broadcasts which the listeners may find difficult to understand inwhich the taking of notes would be useless even if it were possible■但是，也另有一些收听者可能感到难听懂的广播：听这些时，即使可能做笔记，记了也往往没有用。限定性定语从句9d）同位式多重定语从句（appositivemultipleattributiveclause)同位式多重定语从句主要见于两种结构，一是“定语从句+同位语从句”结构，二是“定语从句+定语从句结构。后一种结构的第二个定语从句必须在意义或内容上是重复前一定语从句所表示的意义，往往起补充说明的作用。AbrahamLincolnisthemostfamous instanceoftheclaimthat Americans often make that in their country a man mayrise from the lowest to the highest position in their land.：美国人经常声称，在他们的祖国一个人可以在自已的国主上从最低地位提开到最高地位，亚伯拉罕林肯就是一个最有名的例证。（定语从句+同位语从句结构）【Sub-SectionTwo】非限定性定语从句■非限制性定语从句由于与主句关系松散，翻译时往往失去了定语的功能，而根据其在句中的语义逻辑关系，可以进行灵活处理：The idea, which left their mark on the development of European literature, chivalry,warfare,sanitation,commerce,political institution,medicineandpopery,greatlychangewestern culture·这种思想对欧洲文化，骑士制度，战争，公共卫生，商业，政治制度，医学和教皇制度等的发展打下烙印，（因而）极大地改变西方文化。（因果关系）（定语状语化现象)【Sub-Section Three】定语从句翻译总结1·定语结构的翻译：总结：方法：1）前置法2）拆译法3）融合法.4）综合法·除了前置法保持对等的定语功能外，其他方法都需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行调整，结果是定语结构有可能失去了原来的功能，其中一个明显的现象是定语的状语化处理：·一，翻译成原因的定语：-1.The congressman tends to be very interested in public works-such as newgovernment buildings, water projects, military bases, that will bring money to theareaor improve livingconditions·议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣，因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改善生活条件，这类工程如新的办公大楼，水利设施和军事基地等等

限定性定语从句 8 ▪ c) 重叠式多重定语从句 (overlapped multiple attributive clause) ▪ 这一结构的特点是，第一个定语从句修饰其前的先行词，第二个定语从句修饰 该¡°先行词+第一个定语从句¡±。第一个定语从句的关系词多为从句的宾语， 通常省略。 ▪ But there are other broadcasts which the listeners may find difficult to understand in which the taking of notes would be useless even if it were possible. ▪ 但是，也另有一些收听者可能感到难听懂的广播；听这些时，即使可能做笔记， 记了也往往没有用。 限定性定语从句 9 d) 同位式多重定语从句(appositive multiple attributive clause) ▪ 同位式多重定语从句主要见于两种结构，一是“定语从句+同位语从句”结构， 二是“定语从句+定语从句”结构。后一种结构的第二个定语从句必须在意义或 内容上是重复前一定语从句所表示的意义，往往起补充说明的作用。 ▪ Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often make that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position in their land. ▪ 美国人经常声称，在他们的祖国一个人可以在自己的国土上从最低地位提升到 最高地位，亚伯拉罕林肯就是一个最有名的例证。(定语从句+同位语从句结构) 【Sub-Section Two】 非限定性定语从句 ▪ 非限制性定语从句由于与主句关系松散，翻译时往往失去了定语的功能，而根 据其在句中的语义逻辑关系，可以进行灵活处理： ▪ The idea, which left their mark on the development of European literature, chivalry, warfare, sanitation, commerce, political institution, medicine and popery, greatly change western culture. ▪ 这种思想对欧洲文化，骑士制度，战争，公共卫生，商业，政治制度，医学和 教皇制度等的发展打下烙印，（因而）极大地改变西方文化。 （因果关系）( 定 语状语化现象) 【Sub-Section Three】 定语从句翻译总结 1 ▪ 定语结构的翻译：总结 ▪ 方法：1）前置法 2）拆译法 3）融合法 ▪ 4）综合法 ▪ 除了前置法保持对等的定语功能外，其他方法都需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进 行调整，结果是定语结构有可能失去了原来的功能，其中一个明显的现象是定 语的状语化处理： ▪ 一．翻译成原因的定语： ▪ 1. The congressman tends to be very interested in public works – such as new government buildings, water projects, military bases, that will bring money to the area or improve living conditions. ▪ 议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣，因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改 善生活条件，这类工程如新的办公大楼，水利设施和军事基地等等

定语从句翻译总结22.Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing thedisputed refereeingdecisions thatdenied victorytotheirteams.■1998年世界杯被捧走以后，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定，因为这些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获取胜利的机会。3.Mr.Smith did not remember his grandfather who died when he was only threeyears old.Smith先生不记得他的祖父，因为他去世时他仅有三岁。定语从句翻译总结3■二翻译成结果的定语1.There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleaseallofthem■这个方案有创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都喜欢。 2.They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us■他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气债。定语从句翻译总结4■三，翻译成目的的定语1.Hewishtowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentionstothematter他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。2.In an office, lists and information are compiled which tell themanagers or headsof thebusinesswhat is happening intheirshops orfactories：在办公室里，人们将各种数据，表格和资料加以汇编，这些汇编的数据，表格和资料可以使企业经理和主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前发生的事情。定语从句翻译总结5■四．翻译成让步的定语 1.He insisted on buying another tie which he had no use for■他坚持再买一条领带，尽管他还用不着。- 2.There was no respect even for Albert Einstein (in Hiterler's Germany), who onlywantedtothinkofproblemsbeyondtimeandspaceandpolitics■爱因斯坦只想考虑那些超脱时间，空间和政治的问题，就连他这样的人在希特勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。定语从句翻译总结6■五，翻译成条件状语的定语1.How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn't know what thestudents are thinking and demanding?■如果一个老师不知道学生在想怎么，需要怎么，他怎能希望成为一个合格的教师。-2.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptualknowledge is an idealist■如果认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。定语从句翻译总结7■六：翻译成时间状语的定语1.The thief,whowas aboutto escape, was caughtby thepoliceman■小偷正要跑时被警察抓住了。 2. Electronic energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy.■把电供给电灯时，电能就转变为光能

定语从句翻译总结 2 ▪ 2. Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their teams. ▪ 1998年世界杯被捧走以后，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定，因为这 些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获取胜利的机会。 ▪ 3. Mr. Smith did not remember his grandfather who died when he was only three years old. ▪ Smith先生不记得他的祖父，因为他去世时他仅有三岁。 定语从句翻译总结 3 ▪ 二．翻译成结果的定语 ▪ 1. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that please all of them. ▪ 这个方案有创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都喜欢。 ▪ 2. They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. ▪ 他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤。 定语从句翻译总结 4 ▪ 三．翻译成目的的定语 ▪ 1．He wish to write an article that will attract public attentions to the matter. ▪ 他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。 ▪ 2．In an office, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. ▪ 在办公室里，人们将各种数据，表格和资料加以汇编，这些汇编的数据，表 格和资料可以使企业经理和主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前发生的事情。 定语从句翻译总结 5 ▪ 四．翻译成让步的定语 ▪ 1．He insisted on buying another tie which he had no use for. ▪ 他坚持再买一条领带，尽管他还用不着。 ▪ 2.There was no respect even for Albert Einstein (in Hiterler’s Germany), who only wanted to think of problems beyond time and space and politics. ▪ 爱因斯坦只想考虑那些超脱时间，空间和政治的问题，就连他这样的人在希特 勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。 定语从句翻译总结 6 ▪ 五．翻译成条件状语的定语 ▪ 1．How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the students are thinking and demanding? ▪ 如果一个老师不知道学生在想怎么，需要怎么，他怎能希望成为一个合格的教 师。 ▪ 2．Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. ▪ 如果认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。 定语从句翻译总结 7 ▪ 六．翻译成时间状语的定语 ▪ 1．The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policeman. ▪ 小偷正要跑时被警察抓住了。 ▪ 2. Electronic energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. ▪ 把电供给电灯时，电能就转变为光能

定语从句翻译总结8·七翻译成转折句的定语.1. Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that here is an agreed account of humanrights,which is somethingtheworld does nothave，：实际上，不是这样的，因为它是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共识世界上并不存在。2. We have made all necessary preparations for the research project, which still hasmany crucial problems·我们已经为这个研究项目做了一切必要的准备，但仍然还有很多问题有待解决。 3.The Golden Hind, in which Drake sailed round the world, was only a small ship，“金鹿号”只是一艘小船，然而Drake却驾驶它环行了世界。:4.Electronic computers,which havemany advantages, can notreplace man.■电子计算机虽然有很多优点，但它们不可能代替人。定语从句翻译总结9·八，补充说明-1. Dorothy, who cuts my hair, has moved to another hairdresser'sDorothy常给我理发，现在他已经到别的理发店去工作了。·九，并列关系1.Inthecenterofanatomisanucleus,aroundwhichrevolveselectrons：原子的中心是原子核，电子绕原子核转。2. Man can not live on the moon, where there is no air or water.■人不能生活在月球上，那里没有空气和水。-3.YesterdayIhappened to meetLi Ying at thelibrary, whomIhad not seen foalmost 3years·昨天我碰巧在图书馆遇见了李英，我差不多三年没见到他了。【Additional Material]科技文体翻译欣赏1- Create microelectromechanical systems for space. Microelectromechanicaltechnology has produced microscopic gears, sensors, and switches for use onEarthNASA should adapt these tools for use in spacecraft sensor,communications, and navigation, power, and propulsion systems and, eventuallycreateminiature, spacecraft.■研制用于空间探索的微机电系统。微机电技术已开发出用于地面的各种微型齿轮、微型传感器和微型开关。NASA应对这些器件加以改进，以使其能用于航天器的传感系统、通讯系统、导航系统和推进系统，最终，创造出小型航天器。[Summaryof theLecture】Today we have mainly studied attributive clasuses in E-C translation. Weshould pay our attention to restrictive attributive clauses and the summaryforattributiveclauses in E-C translation.[Homework after the Lecture]】3.Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on theimportant anddifficult pointsofthelectureSelect an English scientific essay and translate the part of about 1004words that you like the best into Chinese

定语从句翻译总结 8 ▪ 七．翻译成转折句的定语 ▪ 1．Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that here is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. ▪ 实际上，不是这样的，因为它是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的， 而这种共识世界上并不存在。 ▪ 2．We have made all necessary preparations for the research project, which still has many crucial problems. ▪ 我们已经为这个研究项目做了一切必要的准备，但仍然还有很多问题有待解 决。 ▪ 3．The Golden Hind, in which Drake sailed round the world, was only a small ship. ▪ “金鹿号”只是一艘小船，然而Drake却驾驶它环行了世界。 ▪ 4．Electronic computers, which have many advantages, can not replace man. ▪ 电子计算机虽然有很多优点，但它们不可能代替人。 定语从句翻译总结 9 ▪ 八．补充说明 ▪ 1. Dorothy, who cuts my hair, has moved to another hairdresser’s. ▪ Dorothy常给我理发，现在他已经到别的理发店去工作了。 ▪ 九．并列关系 ▪ 1. In the center of an atom is a nucleus, around which revolves electrons. ▪ 原子的中心是原子核，电子绕原子核转。 ▪ 2. Man can not live on the moon, where there is no air or water. ▪ 人不能生活在月球上，那里没有空气和水。 ▪ 3．Yesterday I happened to meet Li Ying at the library, whom I had not seen for almost 3 years. ▪ 昨天我碰巧在图书馆遇见了李英，我差不多三年没见到他了。 【Additional Material】 科技文体翻译欣赏 1 ▪ Create microelectromechanical systems for space. Microelectromechanical technology has produced microscopic gears, sensors, and switches for use on Earth. NASA should adapt these tools for use in spacecraft sensor, communications, and navigation, power, and propulsion systems and, eventually, create miniature, spacecraft. ▪ 研制用于空间探索的微机电系统。微机电技术己开发出用于地面的各种微型 齿轮、微型传感器和微型开关。NASA应对这些器件加以改进，以使其能用于 航天器的传感系统、通讯系统、导航系统和推进系统，最终，创造出小型航 天器。 【Summary of the Lecture】 Today we have mainly studied attributive clasuses in E-C translation. We should pay our attention to restrictive attributive clauses and the summary for attributive clauses in E-C translation. 【Homework after the Lecture】 3. Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the important and difficult points of the lecture. 4. Select an English scientific essay and translate the part of about 100 words that you like the best into Chinese

Name of the Course:E-CTranslationWeek:ThirteenLecture:ElevenAbstractTitle/topicUnit Six-ThreeSkills forthe Translation of Long Sentence【Contents】■第三节状语从句（AdverbialClause）的翻译及其他■第一小节状语从句的翻译（AdverbialClause）■第二小节使役结构句（ServantStructureSentence）■第三小节无生命主语结构（InanimateSubjectiveStructure）[Important and Difficult Points】■第一小节状语从句的翻译（AdverbialClause）Details【Sub-Section One】时间状语从句的翻译While she spoke,thetears were runningdown·她说话时，泪水直流。-Pleaseturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom■离开房间时请关灯。 When Ireached the beach, I collapsed.■我一游到海滩，就昏倒了。 Hardlyhad wearrived when itbegantorain■我们一到就下雨了。. I was about to speak, when Mr. Smith cut in.■我正想讲，斯密斯先生就插嘴了。原因状语从句的翻译Thecropsfailedbecausetheseasonwasdry因为气候干旱，作物收。She could get away with anything,because she looked like such a baby■她能渡过任何风险，因为她看上去简直还是个娃娃。-Because he was convinced ofthe accuracyofthisfact,hestuck tohis opinion.■他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。条件状语从句的翻译Itwasbetterincasetheywerecaptured■如果把他们捉到，就更好了。They can'tgo through any city!If they lay over,it's gottobe in a special garage■他们不能穿过任何城市！如果途中要停留，就得进专门的车库

Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Thirteen Lecture: Eleven Abstract Title/topic Unit Six-Three Skills for the Translation of Long Sentence 【Contents】 ▪ 第三节 状语从句（Adverbial Clause）的翻译及其他 ▪ 第一小节 状语从句的翻译（Adverbial Clause） ▪ 第二小节 使役结构句（Servant Structure Sentence） ▪ 第三小节 无生命主语结构 （Inanimate Subjective Structure） 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 状语从句的翻译（Adverbial Clause） Details 【Sub-Section One】 时间状语从句的翻译 ▪ While she spoke, the tears were running down . ▪ 她说话时，泪水直流。 ▪ Please turn off the light when you leave the room. ▪ 离开房间时请关灯。 ▪ When I reached the beach, I collapsed. ▪ 我一游到海滩，就昏倒了。 ▪ Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain. ▪ 我们一到就下雨了。 ▪ I was about to speak, when Mr. Smith cut in. ▪ 我正想讲，斯密斯先生就插嘴了。 原因状语从句的翻译 ▪ The crops failed because the season was dry. ▪ 因为气候干旱，作物歉收。 ▪ She could get away with anything, because she looked like such a baby. ▪ 她能渡过任何风险，因为她看上去简直还是个娃娃。 ▪ Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. ▪ 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。 条件状语从句的翻译 ▪ It was better in case they were captured. ▪ 如果把他们捉到，就更好了。 ▪ They can’t go through any city! If they lay over, it’s got to be in a special garage. ▪ 他们不能穿过任何城市！如果途中要停留，就得进专门的车库