《翻译理论与实践》课程PPT教学课件（汉英翻译）第三章 汉英语言对比与汉英翻译（3/3）

Chapter Three Section Three The importance of discerning the mainidea and the structure ofa long Chinese sentence in translation正确确立单句主干（一）主语的确立1.汉语主语非常灵活那个地方明年5月以前1000万元调查研究快能解决这个问题（用）这种方法巧于从王教授那甲把技术人员的积极性调动起来We(you;One)atthatplacebeforenextMaycanwith10millionyuansolve this problemCorThisproblemthroughinvestigationand studycan be solvedif at ahighspeed(in)thiswaybyworkingingeniouslywiththehelpfromProfessorWangbybringingintoplaythepositivefactorofthetechnicalstaff

一、正确确立单句主干 （一） 主语的确立 1. 汉语主语非常灵活 那个地方 明年5月以前 1000万元 调查研究 快 能解决这个问题。 （用）这种方法 巧干 从王教授那里 把技术人员的积极性调动起来 We(you; One) at that place. can before next May. solve this problem with 10 million yuan. (or This problem through investigation and study. can be solved if at a high speed. (in) this way. by working ingeniously. with the help from Professor Wang. by bringing into play the positive factor of the technical staff. Chapter Three Section Three The importance of discerning the main idea and the structure of a long Chinese sentence in translation

2.汉语主语隐蔽性在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。The constant change of the course of the changjiangRiverinhistory helped form a great many lakesin theareas around Wuhan.健康状况不佳就无法有效地工作One's poor health will incapacitate him forefficientworkAperson'spoorhealth will stop him fromworking efficiently.健康状况不佳”表示条件，不宜做主语。但是英语则可以把这种表示原因或条件的短语变成抽象名词或具体名词（主要是时间、地点）并安排它们作主语，从而形成英语的优势。不过如果原文是口语体，那就不宜这样译。可以译为：Youcannotworkefficientlyifyouareinpoorhealth

2. 汉语主语隐蔽性 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。 The constant change of the course of the changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. 健康状况不佳就无法有效地工作。 “健康状况不佳” 表示条件，不宜做主语。但是英语则可以 把这种表示原因或条件的短语变成抽象名词或具体名词 （主要是时间、地点）并安排它们作主语，从而形成英 语的优势。不过如果原文是口语体，那就不宜这样译。 可以译为：You can not work efficiently if you are in poor health. One’s poor health will incapacitate him for efficient work. A person’s poor health will stop him from working efficiently

古今中外，商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the bigfish eat up the small in the world of business注：古今中外：ancientandmodern，Chineseandforeign；atalltimesandinalllands（countries）（如果主语较隐蔽，可使用“therebe"句型。）北京地区由于近些年增加了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类Theexpansionof woodland in someplaces around Beijing theseyears attractsquiteafewrarebirds.或Quiteafewrarebirdscometosettledowninsomeplacesaround Beijing thankstotheexpansionof woodland theretheseyears.（此例的汉语主语也较隐蔽，应从逻辑内涵上寻找并确立译文的主语，译出比较规范的英文

古今中外，商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。 There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the big fish eat up the small in the world of business. 注：古今中外: ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign; at all times and in all lands (countries). （如果主语较隐蔽，可使用“there be”句 型。） 北京地区由于近些年增加了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有 的鸟类 The expansion of woodland in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds. 或： Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woodland there these years. (此例的汉语主语也较隐蔽，应从逻辑内涵上寻找并确立译 文的主语，译出比较规范的英文。）

3、中国人强调主观性，所以许多情况下以人作主语：英美人强调客观性，常以物或具体事实作主语，而人在次要位置。确立主语时要考虑英美人的思维方式。例如：我看当然像这么回事Itcertainlyseemsso tome.他想到这件事交给他的妻子去办。Itoccurredtohimtoleavethewhole thingtohiswife(ltdawned/hasdawnedonsbthat...我这会儿想不起来了。Mymemoryfailsmeatthemoment类似的有：我天收到你的信。Yourletterreachedmeyesterday她激动得讲不出话来。Speechfailedher我一时记不起他的名字。Hisnamejustescapedme.她不由得发出一声尖叫。Ascreamescapedherlips

3、中国人强调主观性，所以许多情况下以人作主语；英美人强调客 观性，常以物或具体事实作主语，而人在次要位置。确立主语时要 考虑英美人的思维方式。例如： 我看当然像这么回事。 It certainly seems so to me. 他想到这件事交给他的妻子去办。 我这会儿想不起来了。 It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife. (It dawned/has dawned on sb that . My memory fails me at the moment. 类似的有：我昨天收到你的信。Your letter reached me yesterday. 她激动得讲不出话来。Speech failed her. 我一时记不起他的名字。His name just escaped me. 她不由得发出一声尖叫。A scream escaped her lips

二）谓语的确立、谓语如是名词、数词、形容词、介词短语译成英语时须加系动词（be.seem，lookappear,feel,smell,sound,taste等）如这小伙帅：Thisyoungmanishandsome，只能保2．汉语的连动式谓语译成英语时，留一个主要动词，而其他动词译成名词、介词短语或不等式、分词等。例如：总统明天准备乘坐专机前往上海参观访问。Thepresidentto go topreparesShanghai byhis specialplane foravisittomorrow

(二）谓语的确立 1、谓语如是名词、数词、形容词、介词短语， 译成英语时须加系动词（be, seem, look, appear, feel, smell, sound, taste 等）如： 这小伙帅：This young man is handsome. 2. 汉语的连动式谓语译成英语时，只能保 留一个主要动词，而其他动词译成名词、 介词短语或不等式、分词等。 例如：总统明天准备乘坐专机前往上海参 观访问。 The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow

二、确立信息重心往往把主要信息放在突出的薪谨复雨得舊更偏冕腺妻咨意榨为辅伟程晟教途拿牛14语忽子的停要必在许多情况下都不表现在外形上，而是体现强两活的漫辑昊紧传语谨送聲谱隐酸佳的主次关系挖掘出来，而后译成英?例如：这些政策将使人民的购买力提高市场繁荣，金融活泼，决不会如一些人所说将使国家财政一团糟

二、确立信息重心 英语句子很注重信息的主次之分，往往把主要信息放在突出 的和重要的位置，而把次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手 段。汉语句子的信息重心在许多情况下都不表现在外形上，而是 体现在内在的逻辑关系之中。 翻译策略：将汉语隐蔽性的主次关系挖掘出来，而后译成英 语的主次表达方式。 例如： 这些政策将使人民的购买力提高， 市场繁荣，金融活泼，决不会如 一些人所说将使国家财政一团糟

(A)Far from making a mess of the country's finances assome people argue, these new measures will increase thepeople's purchasing power and lead to thrivingcommercial and financial conditions(B)There new measures will, we believe, increase thepeople's purchasing powerand lead to thriving commercialand financial conditions rather than make a mess of thecountry's finances as some peopleargue他们患得患失，生怕丢掉这些东西。Swayed by considerations of loss and gain, they areworried constantly that they would lose these possessions

(A)Far from making a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue, these new measures will increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving commercial and financial conditions. 他们患得患失，生怕丢掉这些东西。 (B) There new measures will, we believe, increase the people's purchasing power and lead to thriving commercial and financial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’ s finances as some people argue. Swayed by considerations of loss and gain, they are worried constantly that they would lose these possessions

他心单乱糟糟的，又退回门单，用手抓挠那乱蓬蓬的头发，眉头拧成大疙瘩，在屋里走着。Distraught, he turned back from the door and pacedup and down the small room, running his handsthrough his unkempthairhis forehead furrowed我们党已经胜利地领导了一个伟大的人民民主革命，建立了以工人阶级为首的人民民主专政：也就一定能够领导全国人民，大约三个五年计划的时期内，基本上完成社会主义工业化和对于农业、手工业、资本主义工商业的社会主义改造。Having led the great people's democratic revolution tovictory and established the people's democraticdictatorship headed by the working class, our party cancertainly lead thewhole nation in basicallyaccomplishing socialist industrialization and thesocialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts andcapitalist industry and commerce in the course ofroughlythreefive-yearplans

他心里乱糟糟的，又退回门里，用手抓挠那乱蓬蓬的 头发，眉头拧成大疙瘩，在屋里走着。 Distraught, he turned back from the door and paced up and down the small room, running his hands through his unkempt hair, his forehead furrowed. 我们党已经胜利地领导了一个伟大的人民民主革命， 建立了以工人阶级为首的人民民主专政；也就一定能 够领导全国人民，大约三个五年计划的时期内，基本 上完成社会主义工业化和对于农业、手工业、资本主 义工商业的社会主义改造。 Having led the great people’ s democratic revolution to victory and established the people’ s democratic dictatorship headed by the working class, our party can certainly lead the whole nation in basically accomplishing socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce in the course of roughly three five-year plans

TranslationErercisesThere being nobody else1）附近没有旁人at hand, I have to do it我得自己千了by myself.2）外面下得飘泼The rain being heavy, we had to似的，我们只stay at home.好呆在家里3）春天来了，树Spring coming on,thetrees都绿了。turn green.她50岁退休了40When she was fifty she retired,her多年的劳累把healthhavingbeenimpaired by她的身体搞垮years of overwork.广

1) 附近没有旁人， 我得自己干了。 2) 外面下得瓢泼 似的，我们只 好呆在家里。 3) 春天来了，树 都绿了。 4) 她50岁退休了， 多年的劳累把 她的身体搞垮 了。 There being nobody else at hand, I have to do it by myself. The rain being heavy, we had to stay at home. Spring coming on, the trees turn green. When she was fifty she retired, her health having been impaired by years of overwork

TranslationExercises5）老人在前面带With the old man leading,thetwo路，他们两人started towards the mountains动身到山里去The place was surrounded by clumps6这地方周围都of tress,with a clear stream running是树丛，一股清澈的溪流从alongside旁边流过。On the other hand, many poor farmers7）许多贫农，则are still living in poverty for shortage of因为生产资料themeans of production, with some不足仍然处于贫困地位，有getting into debt and others selling or些人欠了债，renting out theirland.有些人出卖士地，或者出租土地

5) 老人在前面带 路，他们两人 动身到山里去。 6) 这地方周围都 是树丛，一股 清澈的溪流从 旁边流过。 7) 许多贫农，则 因为生产资料 不足仍然处于 贫困地位，有 些人欠了债， 有些人出卖土 地，或者出租 土地。 With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains. The place was surrounded by clumps of tress, with a clear stream running alongside. On the other hand, many poor farmers are still living in poverty for shortage of the means of production, with some getting into debt and others selling or renting out their land