《社会福利思想》课程教学资源（书籍文献）弗里德曼《中国宗族与社会》英文版

Amtal Worshipping at the Tombs of Anccstors

市DMAN M/ KWANGTUNG FUKIEN AND AND SOCIETY: CHINESE LINEAGE MONOGRAPHS ON SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Library of Congress Catalog Card No.66- 星T?

592539 PREFACE is able to call on mor tthis new of China ally better and to d I knew it was no which i had to look more b10 erience of was lucky enough to can scho in my view of sociery ork intended to be abou and on my into the must surcly be common)that it comes aive and re-reac I have PREFACE don it south ng reaiity and gave me much of it. Second,during the years 1962 oider wnung the by the cumbe other, it places us deeper in debt to 23

Ascrappa, Ch'ing dynasty.An impressive example of what can be achieved ating about a corner of southeastern China in the last years of the of oid men,there will be an opportunity to say something bined with the data from British documents and the memonies the information to be culled from these Chinese sources is con- present state of the worid,is a privileged part of China. that appeals for the rescue of the monuments of what,in the and lost.It is more than an antiquarian and nostalgic cri d cear only paper that perishes;inscribed stones and boards are removed body would be paid to gather in or copy all that remains.(It is no ideal world of historical and anthropological scholarship so- way of land deeds,genealogies,and engraved inscriptions.Ia Territories.But there is more than has yet been collected in the amount of Chinese documentation bearing directly on the are thinner than I had expected.There appears to be only a smal field work in the New Territories.True,the historical materials tion could be tested by both historical research and anthropologica earlier opinion that some of the guesses made in Lineage Organize New Territories. In the course of carrying out the survey I was able to confirmm who made it possible for me to move freely and profitably in the these names I acknowledge only some of my debts to the people by Dr Marjorie Topley;and by Mr P.K.C.Tsui.In writing Mr J.W.Hayes;by Mr C. Tai Po)and Mr Tsang For Piu;by Mr K.M.A.Barnett;by officers and staff,especially Mr G.C.M.Lupton (District Officer District Commissioner New Territories,and his tion of the help and advice given me in Hong Kong by Mr J.B. acknowledge all this aid with gratitude and record my apprecia- several ways assisted by the New Territories Administration. London School of Economics and Political Science,and 1 was in financed partly out of a Ford Foundation grant made to the York and the Nuffield Foundation.My work was in addition euterprise fianced jointly by the Carnegie Corporation of New Project for the study of Chinese and South-East Asian societies.an under the auspices of the then newly created London-Cornell social conditions and rescarch needs.The survey was carried out but in that time I had come near completing a general survey of Territories.It was cut short after three months by my falling sick In February 1963 I began a period of ficld study in the New WWhen .21902 worid. Hong Kong Branch,Aspecs of Sorial Organization in the New Colony of Hong.Kong. Mr R.G.Groves. This last publication is a pamphict printing a series of seven shor Territories in 1898,Joural of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal 青宏如一 The first of these to be published are:'The Pattern of Life in the New it is designed to supplement.It takes up an interest in the Chinese lincage which I developed many years ago.From this it does not follow that I think the lincage to be the paramount form of Lincage Organization.The new book gets its focus from the one A further preliminary point needs to be made on this sequel to of understanding how lincages adapt themselves to the modern the Chinese Empire,but,just as important, held in ancestral trusts;rites of worship continue to be held in ancestral halls.We may see something of what went on under lineages still exist;power is exercised within them;Jand is still industrial and agricultural revolutions of the last decade and a haif),and we should be very foolish to ignore them.But old of the ninetecnth century.Of course they show many modern problcms worth investigating (especially as they arise from the of traditional Chinese institutions.Of course the New Territories have been profoundly changed since they were brought into the capable of being useful to anthropologists interested in the study changes in population and economic life that they are no longer them,and I should like to help dispel the notion that the New Territories have been so far affected by British rule and modern rural society bas already been laid by Miss Jean A.Pratt,Professor Jack Potter,Mr H.D.R.Baker,and opportunities for work on lineage organization and topics ger- mane to it.The groundwork for the study of New Territories As for anthropological field research, in a series of papers by MrJ.W.Hayes,a Hong Kong civil servant who was at one time a District Officer in the New Territorics.1 by using these varied sources of information on the past is given Territorics,Hong vol.3,1963:'Peng Chau berween Other anthropologists will certainly follow Asiatie Socicty, we have the chance Of course they are not a mere fossil Miss Barbara E.Ward there are abundant

Studie my own complementary contribution. G.William Skinner,'What the Study of China can T汉王fACE What Social Science can do fu: do-for SocialS vol.xv,no.I,March 1963.On the general issue of the thropolog:pe SeeA Chinese Phase in Social AnthropologyTheBritisho criticized an early draft of this book.From the correspondeace at length problems in the analysis of Chinese sociery,and who Arthur P.Wolf with whom I have had the priviiege o:c Among thesc colleagues I should like to single ou: since 196o have offered me hospitality,intellectualan leagues in Chinese studies at Cornell University who With Professor Skinner's name I must couple those of scholarship he has himself set for sinological ant second attempt at the subject I am still very far below thes to him are accompanied by an expression of regret taa: transatlantic colleague in the London-Cornell Project. drafts I am deeply in debt to Professor G.William Sii lectual help,and penetrating criticism of both earlier idea of returning to the theme of Lincage Organizarior.,. ment (it was a remark he made two years ago that gavee to remedy many faults in argument and style.For his me the great service of reading a draft of the book;she hei Wright and Professor D.C.Twitchett.Professor Lucy points I have been lucky enough to be able to consult Mr: I bave tried to profit from them in this one.On several sio unfortunately received too late to take account of in thatb of comments on the typescript of Lineage Organizationw with the writing of this book.Dr Cheng Te-k'un made a mr Finally,I have several debts to acknowledge in com descent groups in China fitted into a complex society,at that society from the point of.view of the local group. scene.I.propose to reconsider the problem of how corporate moment,however,I ain concerned primarily with the local imagination)to wider limits than those of the village.Fo:the Chinese society and to raise their eyes (or at any rate stretch their remarks I have made elsewhere will perhaps have shovn,I am aware of the need for anthropologists to take a larger view of in Chinese society for anthropologists to study.As some of the Chinese local grouping,or local grouping to be the chief topic A1815t1705 and Political Science London School of Economics work on the photographs from which the plates have been made I wish to thank them warmly for this and for some preliminary and the maps were prepared by the staff of the Department of A Narrative of an Explorafory Visit to Each of the Consular Cities of China,and to the Islands of Hong Kong and Chusan,London,1847 The frontispicce (redrawn from an illustration in George Smith number of obscurities and giving me editorial aid without which this would have been even less of a book than it is. went over the last two drafts in detail,helping me to remove a by Mr Baker's criticism of a late draft of this book.My wife number of doubtful points and supplement my own all too short field experience of the things on which I write.And I have profited have maintained with Mr Baker and Mr Groves while they have been at work in the New Territories,I have been able to settle a PREFACE

Fiong Kong and the New T.South-Eastern China INDEX LIST OF WORKS CITED LINEAGES IN CHINA PLATES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL POSTSCRIPT GEOMANCY AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP 3.SOCIAL STATUS,POWER,AND GOVERNMEN I.VILLAGE,LINEAGE,AND CLAN CONTENTS

en afforded glim the Tai Po District in the elationship betwcen ets in other To begin New Ierr being carri the other in a Hok other villag land China (it concerns a com Village,Lineage,and Clan E AN G N CHINA SE A h C. 1 ng。 ong Kong E AINA t20

Mir She/n 20 the ically much 2.5 clan' s at the founded Nanching at stor tablets for C8. the end of as we shall

live in the we come the nsider lat es.One a t上0 VILLAGE,LINEAGE, e infuential in South people have tended to int three villages oblem of the cn which they AND CLAN 昌 art of the 11e13.e and a Fang clan ents ding to inct lineages is to must have been in in the abandoned internal mig 6 - with later. prior form ot the Ha ons and d in the din and the different orthern end That is to say,there 言

disap out on their trading expe 55 ent.s cage,for gaps :bu：sp ned at ute the ill fort got from any one to su HeH· China than (again through sick 44 LINEAGE AND CLAN need for ve on s to I y circumstances in the ves.As far as I know, -YI ive given in the s and have led nay to their being the f AND CLAI 5 why m to build ther