西北农林科技大学：《有机化学 Organic chemistry》课程教学课件（2009）Chapter 02 Alkanes and cycloalkane

Section B Alkanes and cycloalkanes 烷烃与环烷烃

Section B Alkanes and cycloalkanes 烷烃与环烷烃

Key Notes in this chapter B1 Alkanes B2 Cycloalkanes B3 Three dimension structure Conformation

Key Notes in this chapter ™B1 Alkanes ™B2 Cycloalkanes ™B3 Three dimension structure ™Conformation

重点 EST ABF 必1.烷烃与环烷烃命名 2.烷烃的结构特征 3.立体结构表示方法 4.环烷烃结构特征

重点 ™1.烷烃与环烷烃命名 ™2.烷烃的结构特征 ™3.立体结构表示方法 ™4.环烷烃结构特征

B1 Definition Alkanes are organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by single o bonds. >All the carbon atoms are tetrahedral and sp3 hybridized. >Alkanes are stable molecules and unreactive to most chemical reagents. >Saturated hydrocarbons,straight chain or acyclic carbons Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkane structures. >They have the general formula CnH2n. >Most cycloalkanes are unreactive to chemical reagents

B1 Definition ™Alkanes are organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by single σ bonds. ¾All the carbon atoms are tetrahedral and sp3 hybridized. ¾Alkanes are stable molecules and unreactive to most chemical reagents. ¾Saturated hydrocarbons,straight chain or acyclic carbons ™Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkane structures. ¾They have the general formula C n H2n. ¾Most cycloalkanes are unreactive to chemical reagents

衣林 B1 Definition 饱和烃（烷烃 开链烃（脂肪烃） 烯烃 不饱和烃 二烯烃 炔烃 烃 脂环烃 环状烃 芳香烃

烃 开链烃（脂肪烃） 饱和烃(烷烃） 不饱和烃 烯烃 二烯烃 炔烃 环状烃 脂环烃 芳香烃 B1 Definition

Alkanes Cycloalkanes Alkanes are sometimes referred to as straight chain or acyclic alkanes to dis-tinguish them from cycloalkanes or alicyclic(脂环族的)compounds. The most commonly encountered cycloalkane in organic chemistry is the six-membered ring (cyclohexane

Alkanes & Cycloalkanes ™Alkanes are sometimes referred to as straight chain or acyclic alkanes to dis-tinguish them from cycloalkanes or alicyclic(脂环族的) compounds. ™The most commonly encountered cycloalkane in organic chemistry is the six-membered ring (cyclohexane)

Alkanes Cycloalkanes 十十 small three-and four-membered rings are reactive and behave like alkenes. Such cyclic structures are highly strained since it is impossible for the carbon atoms to adopt their preferred tetrahedral shape

Alkanes & Cycloalkanes ™small three- and four-membered rings are reactive and behave like alkenes. ™Such cyclic structures are highly strained since it is impossible for the carbon atoms to adopt their preferred tetrahedral shape

东林 Petroleum Refining Naphtha(石脑油) Kerosene (bp95-150°c) (bp:150-230。C) C5-C12 C12C15 Light gasoline (bp:25-95。C) Crude oil C15-C25 Gas oil(柴油) Refinery gas (bp:230-340。C) C1-C4 Residue (重油)

Petroleum Refining Naphtha（石脑油） (bp 95-150 °C) Naphtha Naphtha （石脑油 ） (bp 95 -150 °C) Kerosene (bp: 150-230 °C) Kerosene Kerosene (bp: 150 -230 °C) Crude oil Crude oil Refinery gas Refinery gas Refinery gas Light gasoline (bp: 25-95 °C) Light gasoline Light gasoline (bp: 25 -95 °C) C 5 - C12 C12 - C15 Gas oil（柴油） (bp: 230-340 °C) Gas oil Gas oil （柴油） (bp: 230 -340 °C) C15 - C25 C 1 - C 4 Residue Residue Residue （（重油） 重油）

林 Petroleum Refining Cracking >converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons to more useful,low molecular weight ones Reforming >increases branching of hydrocarbon chains >branched hydrocarbons have better burning characteristics for automobile engines

Petroleum Refining ™Cracking ¾converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons to more useful, low molecular weight ones ™Reforming ¾increases branching of hydrocarbon chains ¾branched hydrocarbons have better burning characteristics for automobile engines

B2 Stereostructure Drawing 立体结构 与立体结构表示方法

B2 Stereostructure Drawing 立体结构 与立体结构表示方法