西北农林科技大学：《有机化学 Organic chemistry》课程教学课件（2009）Chapter 03 functional groups

Section c Functional groups 基本骨架和官能团 Key notes: Functional groups Nomenclature By Junru Wang Email:wangjr07@163.com 西北农林科技大学理学院

College of Science 西北农林科技大学理学院 By Junru Wang Email: wangjr07@163.com Section C Functional groups 基本骨架和官能团 Key notes: Functional groups Nomenclature

1、Functional Groups 基本骨架·由碳碳键和碳氢键构成 ○烷烃，烯烃，炔烃，脂环烃，芳香烃 >Alkanes,Alkenes,Alkynes,Alicyclic hydrocarbons,Arenes

College 1、Functional Groups of Science „基本骨架 -- 由碳碳键和碳氢键构成 z烷烃，烯烃，炔烃，脂环烃，芳香烃 ¾Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alicyclic hydrocarbons, Arenes

1、Functional Groups 官能团(Functional Groups): The atom or group of atoms that defines the structure of a particular family of organic compounds and,at the same time determines their properties Structural features that allow for classification of compounds into families The structural similarities in these compounds lead to chemical similarities ●官能团：有机分子中比较活泼.易发生化学反应的 原子或原子团 ●官能团：赋予有机物一类特征结构并决定其性质的 原子或原子团

College 1、Functional Groups of Science „ 官能团（Functional Groups)： zThe atom or group of atoms that defines the structure of a particular family of organic compounds and, at the same time determines their properties zStructural features that allow for classification of compounds into families zThe structural similarities in these compounds lead to chemical similarities z官能团: 有机分子中比较活泼.易发生化学反应的 原子或原子团 z官能团: 赋予有机物一类特征结构并决定其性质的 原子或原子团

Functional Groups It should be noted that the importance of a functional group cannot be overstated. A functional group determines all of the following properties of a molecule: Bonding and shape Chemical reactivity ● Type and strength of intermolecular forces Physical properties Nomenclature

College Functional Groups of Science „It should be noted that the importance of a functional group cannot be overstated. „A functional group determines all of the following properties of a molecule: z Bonding and shape z Chemical reactivity z Type and strength of intermolecular forces z Physical properties z Nomenclature

Functional Groups A given functional group behaves in nearly the Double same way in every -bond molecule it is a part of The chemistry of everyo CH2 H2C-CH organic molecule, C-CHa regardless of size and HgC H complexity,is determined Ethylene Menthene by the functional groups it Br contains Bromine added here In the reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine both CH, H2C-CH molecules react with Br2 in the C-CH3 same way HgC H

College Functional Groups of Science „A given functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of „The chemistry of every organic molecule, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional groups it contains zIn the reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine both molecules react with Br2 in the same way

Functional Groups The atoms of organic molecules exist in common combinations Each combination: unique chemical properties and reactivity behaves similarly in every organic molecule 10 million organic compounds exist! Predict how any one of those compounds reacts by analyzing its “functional groups” Functional Group-group of atoms with characteristic chemical behavior no matter what molecule it's in Chemistry of every organic molecule,regardless of size or complexity governed by functional groups

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Functional Groups to Learn Nitrogen-Containing Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons amine sulfide Oxygen-Containing alkane nitrile thiol alcohol alkene nitro alkyne 一CC phenol sulfoxide diene imine ether sulfone arene epoxide Carboxylic Acid thioester Derivatives carboxylic Halogen-Containing ketone acid halide x alkyl halide Carboxylic aldehyde acid anhydride -8o8g- aryl halide ester carboxylic acid -48 amide

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Hydrocarbons alkane 烷烃-c-g Oxygen-Containing alcohol C-OH alkene 烯烃 akn炔烃 -CEC- phenol o dien Carboxylic Acid 二烯烃 ether Derivatives arene 芳香烃 carboxylic epoxide 脂环烃 A acid halide 6-8x Carboxylic e acid anhydride Halogen-Containing ketone 卤代烷烃 alkyl halide G-x ester aldehyde 8 卤代芳烃 aryl halide carboxylic acid 6-8-o amide

College of Science 烷烃 烯烃 炔烃 芳香烃 二烯烃 脂环烃 卤代烷烃 卤代芳烃

官能团 口含氧化合物( Containing Oxygen 醇、酚、醚、醛、酮、醌 Alcohols R-OH;Phenols Ar-OH;Ethers R-O-R; Aldehydes,Ketones ,Quinones R(H)C=O,R2 C=O 羧酸、酯、酰胺、酸酐、酰卤 Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives Acid chlorides;Acid Anhydrides;Amides;Esters RCOOH,RCOOR',RCONR'>,RCOX

College 官能团 of Science „含氧化合物 Containing Oxygen 醇、酚、醚、醛、酮、醌 z Alcohols R-OH；Phenols Ar-OH； Ethers R-O-R； z Aldehydes, Ketones ,Quinones R(H)C=O, R2 C=O 羧酸、酯、酰胺、酸酐、酰卤 z Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives z Acid chlorides; Acid Anhydrides; Amides; Esters „ RCOOH, RCOOR’, RCONR’2, RCOX

Col Nitrogen-Containing Sulfur-Containing amine 胺 -州- sulfide -0 硫醚 nitrile 腈 -C三N thiol 硫醇 硝基 nitro -g sulfoxide 亚砜 亚胺 imine 砜 sulfone 硫代酯 thioester 68-6

College of Science 胺 腈 硝基 亚胺 硫醚 硫醇 砜 硫代酯 亚砜