《有机化学》课程PPT教学课件（Organic Chemistry, William A. Price, Ph.D. PPT, La Salle University, L.G.WADE, JR., 8th Edition）Nomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons

Nomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons

Nomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons

Some Simple Alkanes(C H2n+2) HH HHH CH3 H一C-HH-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H CH3一CH一CH H HH HHH HHH H methane,CHa ethane,C2H propane,CHg butane,CHo isobutane,CHo CH3 CH3 CH3-CH2一CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-C-CH3 or H-(CH2方H CH3 pentane,CsH2 isopentane,CsH2 neopentane,CsH12

Some Simple Alkanes (CnH2n+2)

The n-alkanes CH4 methane C2H6 ethane C3Hg propane C1H24 undecane C4H10 butane C12H26 dodecane C5H12 pentane C13H28 tridecane C6H14 hexane C14H30 tetradecane C7H16 heptane CIsH32 pentadecane C8H18 octane CoH20 nonane C10H22 decane

The n-alkanes C H4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane C11H24 undecane C12H26 dodecane C13H28 tridecane C14H30 tetradecane C15H32 pentadecane

Boiling points 400 300 CH3-(CH2)n一CHg ()uod 3u!!oq 200 n-alkanes 100 CH3 0 CH-(CH2)CH3 -100 isoalkanes CH3 -200 0 5 10 15 20 number of carbon atoms

Boiling points

London Forces 8+ 8-6+ 8-8+ 6-6+ 8 8+ 6+ 6- 6+ 6+ @2004 Thomson/Brooks Cole

London Forces

Alkyl Groups Three carbons One carbon Two carbons CH3 CH3- CH3-CH2- CH3一CH2一CH2一 CH3-CH- methyl group ethyl group propyl group isopropyl group (or“n-propyl group") Four carbons CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2一 CH3-CH-CH2- CH3-CH2-CH- CH3-C- butyl group isobutyl group sec-butyl group (or“-butyl group") CH3 tert-butyl group (or“t-butyl group")

Alkyl Groups

CH.CH2CH2CH3 CHCH2CH2CH2之 and CHCH2CHCH3 Butane Butyl sec-Butyl CH CH3 CH3 CH.CHCH3 CHgCHCH2 and CH3-C Isobutane Isobutyl CHs tert-Butyl 2004 Thomson/Brooks Cole

Classification of H's C's H Primary hydrogens(CH3) H一C一 CH3 H H H CH2CH2CHCH3 H一C一CC一CH Secondary hydrogens(CH2) H HH H A tertiary hydrogen(CH) C2004 Thomson-Brooks/Cole

Classification of H’s & C’s

The I.U.P.A.C.Rules Find longest carbon chain Number chain from end closest to nearest branch (with 2 different longest chains,use one with most substituents) Give alkyl groups attached to the longest chain a name and a number Multiple alkyl groups named alphabetically Multiple groups that are the same:di(2),tri(3), tetra(4),penta(5),hexa(6) ·Halogens are name“halo”groups-fluoro,.chloro, bromo,iodo

The I.U.P.A.C. Rules • Find longest carbon chain • Number chain from end closest to nearest branch (with 2 different longest chains, use one with most substituents) • Give alkyl groups attached to the longest chain a name and a number • Multiple alkyl groups named alphabetically • Multiple groups that are the same: di(2), tri(3), tetra(4), penta(5), hexa(6) • Halogens are name “halo” groups – fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo

CH CHCH3 CHaCHCHCH2 CH2CH3 3-Isopropyl-2-methylhexane CH3 @2004 Thomson-Brooks/Cole