西北农林科技大学：《有机化学 Organic chemistry》课程教学课件（2012）Chapter 05 The Study of Chemical Reactions

0 花华院 Organic Chemistry,6th Edition L.G.Wade,Jr. Chapter 5 The Study of Chemical Reactions By Junru Wang Email:wangjr07@163.com

By Junru Wang Email: wangjr07@163.com Chapter 5 The Study of Chemical Reactions Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr

0环4 Key Notes 花率院 ▣Mechanism ■Homolytic cleavage Heterolytic cleavage Intermediate Transition state

Key Notes Mechanism Homolytic cleavage Heterolytic cleavage Intermediate Transition state

0+9 Content 发华院。 ■[ntroduction Classification of reactions Mechanisms:step-by-step pathway oIntermediate?Transition state? ●Thermodynamics ●Kinetics

Content Introduction Classification of reactions Mechanisms：step-by-step pathway Intermediate? Transition state? Thermodynamics  Kinetics

司4t Introduction 花黎院 Reactants->Products:overall reaction. Mechanism:step-by-step pathway. To learn more about a reaction: ●Thermodynamics ●Kinetics

Introduction Reactants  Products: overall reaction. Mechanism: step-by-step pathway. To learn more about a reaction: Thermodynamics Kinetics

0 Reactions 程华院 Bond formation Synthetic organic chemistry is about creating complex molecules from simple starting materials -a process which may involve many different reactions. Designing a synthesis is a bit like chess. a synthetic 'game strategy

Reactions Bond formation Bond formation  Synthetic organic chemistry is about creating complex molecules from simple starting materials - a process which may involve many different reactions.  Designing a synthesis is a bit like chess.  a synthetic 'game strategy

0不+ Reactions 花院 Bond formation Basically,most reactions involve electron- rich molecules forming bonds to electron deficient molecules (i.e.nucleophiles forming bonds to electrophiles). The bond will be formed specifically between the nucleophilic center of the nucleophile and the electrophilic center of the electrophile

Reactions Bond formation  Basically, most reactions involve electron￾rich molecules forming bonds to electron deficient molecules (i.e. nucleophiles forming bonds to electrophiles).  The bond will be formed specifically between the nucleophilic center of the nucleophile and the electrophilic center of the electrophile

0环行 Sec 1 Classification 院。 Reactions can be classified as ■Acid/base reactions Functional group transformations; one functional group can be converted into another. oNormally these reactions are relatively straightforward and proceed in high yield carbon-carbon bond formations

Sec 1 Classification Reactions can be classified as Acid/base reactions Functional group transformations; one functional group can be converted into another. Normally these reactions are relatively straightforward and proceed in high yield carbon-carbon bond formations

Reaction category/Functional groups Electrophilic addition Alkenes and alkynes Electrophilic Aromatic substitution Nucleophlic addition Aldehydes and ketones Nucleophilic Carboxylic acid derivatives,Alkyl substitution halides Elimination Alcohols and alkyl halides Reduction Alkenes,alkynes,aromatic,aldehydes, ketones,nitriles,carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives, Oxidation Alkenes,alcohols,aldehydes Acid/base reactions Carboxylic acids,phenols,amines

Acid/base reactions Carboxylic acids, phenols, amines Oxidation Alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes Alkenes,alkynes, aromatic, aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives, Reduction Elimination Alcohols and alkyl halides Carboxylic acid derivatives, Alkyl halides Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophlic addition Aldehydes and ketones Electrophilic Aromatic substitution Electrophilic addition Alkenes and alkynes Reaction category/ Functional groups

Examples ■Alkenes C=C ■Alkynes C三C ■Aromatic C6H6 0 Aldehydes and ketones C=0 ■Alkyl halides RX

Examples Alkenes C=C Alkynes C三C Aromatic C6H6 Aldehydes and ketones C=O Alkyl halides RX

0不t车 Addition 花率院。 X-Y Elimination + :Br: Br-Br: :Br: C=C An alkene A bromonium ion 8 Br Alkene Productlike transition state Carbocation