甘肃民族师范学院：《英汉翻译》课程授课教案（六）形合与意合

形合与意合（Hypotacticvs.Paratactic）一定义Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon'tcome---TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语造句主要采用形合法。Greatness of soul consists not so much in soaring high and in pressingforward,as inknowing how to adapt and limit oneself----Michel de MontaigneParataxis: The arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation betweenthem. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washes away.---TheWorldBookDictionary所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语造句主要采用意合法。雨声渐渐的住了，窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一看，呀！凉云散了，树叶上的残滴，映着月儿，好似萤光千点，闪闪烁烁的动着。一一真没想到苦雨孤灯之后，会有这么一幅清美的图画！一一冰心“笑”二、英语的形合法·英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语、分句或从句。·（特点)注重显性接应（overtcohesion）注重句子形式注重结构完整注重以形显义·英语句中有以下的连接手段和形式：1关联词和连接词关联词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who,whom,whose，that，which，what,when等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and,but,or,so,however，aswellas,when，while,as,since等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。egl.WhenI try to understand what it is that prevents somanyAmericans from being ashappyas onemighexpect, it seems to me that there aretwo causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中的那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。eg2. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some ofthemtheir lives,beforetheleavesturnedagaininapeacetimefall那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。1

1 形合与意合（Hypotactic vs. Paratactic） 一． 定义 ⚫ Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come. -The American Heritage Dictionary 所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻 辑关系。英语造句主要采用形合法。 Greatness of soul consists not so much in soaring high and in pressing forward, as in knowing how to adapt and limit oneself. -Michel de Montaigne ⚫ Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washes away. -The World Book Dictionary 所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分 句的含义表达。汉语造句主要采用意合法。 雨声渐渐的住了，窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一看，呀！凉云散了，树叶上的残滴，映着月儿，好似萤光千点， 闪闪烁烁的动着。——真没想到苦雨孤灯之后，会有这么一幅清美的图画！ ——冰心 “笑” 二． 英语的形合法 ⚫ 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语、分句或从句。 ⚫ (特点)注重显性接应（overt cohesion） 注重句子形式 注重结构完整 注重以形显义 ⚫ 英语句中有以下的连接手段和形式： 1 关联词和连接词 关联词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如 who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。 连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如 and, but, or, so, however, as well as, when, while, as, since 等，用来 连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。 eg1. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中的那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 eg2. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的 秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命

eg3.It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simplymeans that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affectionswhich are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。2 介词介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或从句的重要手段，eg4.Themanycolors ofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。eg.5. This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in thechair,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。eg6.The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace ofmind当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。eg7. She said, with perfect truth, that "it must be delighful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity oftender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred她说道：“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没参没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。3其他连接手段其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、数、格、时、体、语态、比较级等）及其保持前后一致的关系，广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系，以及使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用等等。英语中常用这些连接手段，把各种成分连接起来构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。eg.8. He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children ofthe poorat six years of age to work under the lash in thefactories for sixteen hours a day他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。eg9.Could anyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsical thanthatofgunnersusing sciencetoshattermen'sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?炮手用科学毁坏了人体，而就在附近，外科医生用科学使其恢复健康，还有什么情景比这更加荒绝伦？2

2 eg3. It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能 零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。 2 介词 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。 eg4. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 eg.5. This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。 eg6. The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind. 当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。 eg7. She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred. 她说道：“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心 肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。 3 其他连接手段 其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如 性、数、格、时、体、语态、比较级等）及其保持前后一致的关系，广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系， 以及使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用等等。英语中常用这些连接手段，把各种成分连接起来， 构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。 eg.8. He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day. 他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天 十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。 eg9. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? 炮手用科学毁坏了人体，而就在附近，外科医生用科学使其恢复健康，还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝 伦？

三.汉语的意合法·汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段·（特点）注重隐性连贯（covertcoherence）注重逻辑事理顺序注重功能意义注重以神统形·汉语中的语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间eg.10她不老实，我不能信任她。Because she is not honest, I can't trust her. /I can't trust her, because she is not honest（因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。/我不能信任她，因为她不老实。eg.11抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题都可以迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solvedeg.12东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。（反复、排比、对偶、对照等句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词）Ifit lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in the west, it will be rainy, ifit lightens in the south, itwill be sultry, if it lightens in the north, it will be stormyeg.13上梁不正下梁歪。（紧缩句：由复句紧缩而成）Ifthe upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslantWhen those above behave unworthily, thosebelow will do the same.eg14.雨声渐渐的住了，窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一看，呀！凉云散了，树叶上的残滴，映着月儿，好似萤光千点，闪闪烁烁的动着。一一真没想到苦雨孤灯之后，会有这么一幅清美的图画！冰心“笑”As therain gradually ceased topatter,a glimmer of light began tofilterinto theroom through thewindowcurtain. I opened the window and looked out. Ah, the rain clouds had vanished and the remaining raindrops on thetree leaves glistened tremendously under the moonlight like myriads of fireflies. To think that there should appearbefore my eyes such a beautiful sight after the miserable rain ona lonely evening!四．翻译方法英语注重形合，注重结构、形式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨（preciseness）。英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义。汉语注重意合，注重功能、意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁(conciseness)。汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式3

3 三． 汉语的意合法 ⚫ 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段 ⚫ （特点）注重隐性连贯（covert coherence） 注重逻辑事理顺序 注重功能意义 注重以神统形 ⚫ 汉语中的语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间 eg.10 她不老实，我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. / I can’t trust her, because she is not honest. （因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。/我不能信任她，因为她不老实。 eg.11 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题都可以迎刃而解。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. eg.12 东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。 （反复、排比、对偶、对照等句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词） If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in the west, it will be rainy; if it lightens in the south, it will be sultry; if it lightens in the north, it will be stormy. eg.13 上梁不正下梁歪。(紧缩句：由复句紧缩而成) If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same. eg14.雨声渐渐的住了，窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一看，呀！凉云散了，树叶上的残滴，映着月 儿，好似萤光千点，闪闪烁烁的动着。——真没想到苦雨孤灯之后，会有这么一幅清美的图画！ —— 冰心 “笑” As the rain gradually ceased to patter, a glimmer of light began to filter into the room through the window curtain. I opened the window and looked out. Ah, the rain clouds had vanished and the remaining raindrops on the tree leaves glistened tremendously under the moonlight like myriads of fireflies. To think that there should appear before my eyes such a beautiful sight after the miserable rain on a lonely evening! 四．翻译方法 英语注重形合，注重结构、形式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨（preciseness）。英译汉时， 往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义。 汉语注重意合，注重功能、意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁(conciseness)。汉译英时， 往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式