甘肃民族师范学院：《英汉翻译》课程授课教案（八）替代与重复

替代与重复（substitutivevs.Reiterative）汉语比较习惯于重复，英语常用省略、替代等表达方法尽量避免重复。英语中除了修辞需要外，很少重复同一个词或结构，而在汉语中重复现象比比皆是。英语中不能省略的成分往往使用代词、同义词、近义词以及代替句型等来替代前文出现过的词语和结构，而汉语则仍然倾向于使用相同的词语或结构呼应前文出现过的词语或结构。句子层面如此，段落层面同样如此。一。名词性替代（nominal substitution）。用代词或某些名词来取代名词（词组），这类词如：第三人称代词、指示代词（this，that，these，those）、关系代词（who，whom，whose，that）、不定代词（all，every，both,eitherneither,none，few,muchother,some）以及名词（thekind,theformer,thelatter）等。英语常用这类替代词来避免重复，汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词（词组）。1.He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的败。2.A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种峦化。3.Flattery ismoredangerous thanhatred because it covers the stain whichthe othercauses tobewiped out阿速比怨恨更危险，因为阿速掩饰了污点，而恨却能使人消除污点。4.If shedidnotspeakwithRebecca onthetendersubject, shecompensatedherselfwithlongandintimateconversation withMrs.Blenkinsop,thehousekeeper,who dropped somehintstothelady's-maid,whomayhave cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the trade men她不好和丽贝卡说起这个难出口的问题，只好和管家娘子白兰金素太太秘密地长谈了好几回。管家娘子漏了些口风给上房佣人。上房女佣人也许约略地对厨娘说了几句，厨娘一定又去告诉了所有做买卖的。英语常用代词，汉语少用代词，因而较常重复。5.钢琴呢？钢琴怎么不见了？抓小偷！有人把钢琴给偷走了。三弦兄，是不是有人把钢琴给偷走了？Where is the piano? How come it's gone? Stop thief! The piano has been stolen. Sanxian, has it been stolen?6．我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。Oursisnolongeranationsubjecttoinsultandhumiliation7.一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是二定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。Anygivenculture(asanideological form)isareflectionofthepoliticsand economicsofagiven society,andthe former in turn has a tremendous effectand influence on the latter二，动词性替代（verbal substitution)。用替代词来取代谓语动词（词组），这类替代词主要有：代动词do，1

1 替代与重复(substitutive vs. Reiterative) 汉语比较习惯于重复，英语常用省略、替代等表达方法尽量避免重复。 英语中除了修辞需要外，很少重复同一个词或结构，而在汉语中重复现象比比皆是。英语中不能省略 的成分往往使用代词、同义词、近义词以及代替句型等来替代前文出现过的词语和结构，而汉语则仍然倾 向于使用相同的词语或结构呼应前文出现过的词语或结构。句子层面如此，段落层面同样如此。 一．名词性替代（nominal substitution）。用代词或某些名词来取代名词（词组），这类词如：第三人称代 词、指示代词（this, that, these, those）、关系代词（who, whom, whose, that）、不定代词（all, every, both, either, neither, none, few, much, other, some）以及名词（the kind, the former, the latter）等。英语常用这类替代词来 避免重复，汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词（词组）。 1. He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 2. A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed. 化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。 3. Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out. 阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。 4. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the lady’s-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the trade men. 她不好和丽贝卡说起这个难出口的问题，只好和管家娘子白兰金素太太秘密地长谈了好几回。管家娘 子漏了些口风给上房女佣人。上房女佣人也许约略地对厨娘说了几句，厨娘一定又去告诉了所有做买 卖的。 英语常用代词，汉语少用代词，因而较常重复。 5. 钢琴呢？钢琴怎么不见了？抓小偷！有人把钢琴给偷走了。三弦兄，是不是有人把钢琴给偷走了？ Where is the piano? How come it’s gone? Stop thief! The piano has been stolen. Sanxian, has it been stolen? 6. 我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。 Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation. 7. 一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以 巨大的作用和影响。 Any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter. 二．动词性替代（verbal substitution）。用替代词来取代谓语动词（词组），这类替代词主要有：代动词 do

复合代动词doso,dothis,dothesame，以及替代句型sodo+主语，so+主语+do,sobe+主语，so+主语+besowill+主语，so+主语+will等。汉语也有替代的方式，但也常常重复其所代替的动词（词组）。8. In any case work does not include time, but power does.在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。9. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness ofhis nature.他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为的三.分句性替代（clausalsubstitution）。用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用ifso或ifnot来取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分，等等。汉语也有替代的方法，但为了使表达正确、清楚，也常常重复其所替代的词语。10.“By the way,” he added, “have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have tea in thelighthouse?"“顺便问一下，”他接着说道，“你今天下午有空吗？如果有空，为什么不去灯塔里喝杯茶呢？”ll.Factoriesknowntoproduce componentsformissilesand submarinesarebeingcamouflaged,asaremissilelaunching and test sites throughout the USSR人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地也都进行了伪装。12.独自享乐是一种逾快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is the sorrow tasted privately13.你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。You have doneapoor joband I amnot satisfied,and if youfeel offended,so be it14.一个人的工作，究竞是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa15．中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外国帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation, it is only in modern times that theyhave fallen behind. And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism anddomesticreactionarygovernments.注：在英汉语言中，在使用反复、回环、对照、排比等修辞方法时都有词语重复现象。反复2

2 复合代动词 do so, do this, do the same, 以及替代句型 so do+主语, so+主语+do, so be+主语, so+主语+be, so will+主语, so+主语+will 等。汉语也有替代的方式，但也常常重复其所代替的动词（词组）。 8. In any case work does not include time, but power does. 在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。 9. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature. 他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为的。 三．分句性替代（clausal substitution）。用替代词 so 或 not 来取代充当宾语的 that 从句，用 if so 或 if not 来 取代条件从句，用 as 来取代分句的一部分，等等。汉语也有替代的方法，但为了使表达正确、清楚，也 常常重复其所替代的词语。 10. “By the way,” he added, “have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don’t you have tea in the lighthouse? ” “顺便问一下，”他接着说道，“你今天下午有空吗？如果有空，为什么不去灯塔里喝杯茶呢？” 11. Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR. 人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地， 也都进行了伪装。 12. 独自享乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。 Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is the sorrow tasted privately. 13. 你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。 You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it. 14. 一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa. 15. 中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外国帝国主义和本 国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。 The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind. And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments. 注：在英汉语言中，在使用反复、回环、对照、排比等修辞方法时都有词语重复现象。 反复

1、沉默啊，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。（鲁迅：《纪念刘和珍君》连续反复与间隔反复）Silence,silence! Unless we burstout,we shall perish in this silence!2.She stood by the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard. (OHenry:TheGift)（间隔反复）她站在窗子跟前，闷闷不乐地着外面灰蒙蒙的后院，一只灰色的猫正在灰色的篱笃上行走。回环1，我为人人，人人为我。Oneforall and all forone2.The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the jail.监狱可以成为病房，病房也可以成为监狱。对照1.大处着眼，小处着手。Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of daily tasks.2.Craftymencontemn studies, simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem.(F.Bacon)狡猬的人轻视学问：愚味的人羡慕学问；聪明的人利用学问。3

3 1. 沉默啊，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。（鲁迅：《纪念刘和珍君》 连续反复与间隔反复） Silence，silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence! 2. She stood by the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard. (O. Henry: The Gift) (间隔反复) 她站在窗子跟前，闷闷不乐地瞅着外面灰蒙蒙的后院，一只灰色的猫正在灰色的篱笆上行走。 回环 1. 我为人人，人人为我。 One for all and all for one. 2. The jail might have been the infirmary，the infirmary might have been the jail. 监狱可以成为病房，病房也可以成为监狱。 对照 1. 大处着眼，小处着手。 Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of daily tasks. 2. Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them. (F. Bacon) 狡猾的人轻视学问；愚昧的人羡慕学问；聪明的人利用学问