甘肃民族师范学院：《英汉翻译》课程授课教案（十一）英汉语态互译

英汉被动语态互译英语中被动语态使用范围很广。在某些文体中，使用被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯。被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句：汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。一。英语的被动句英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因；1.施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候，通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时，英语往往采用被动句（1）施事未知而难以言明，如：Themurdererwascaughtyesterday，and itis saidthathewillbehanged.（凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将会被绞死。）（2）施事可以从上下文中不言自明，如：She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to herconduct.She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。（3）施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调，如：Heronlysonwasrunoverbyacar她的独子被汽车轧了。（4）由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪，例如：Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。2.句法的要求。英语重形合，注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时，出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑，往往采用被动式（1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接，如：Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres,andthesefibres canbemade intocloth有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可以用来织布。（2）为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心和末端重量，以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯，Iwasastoundedthathewaspreparedtogivemea job.他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。3.文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句，这类文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述，力戒作者的主观臆断，因而常常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接，叙事翔实、冷静，施事往往难以言明，也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私，口气客观、1

1 英汉被动语态互译 英语中被动语态使用范围很广。在某些文体中，使用被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯。被动句促成了物 称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句；汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。 一． 英语的被动句 英语常用被动句, 主要有以下几方面的原因： 1. 施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候，通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事由于以下的原因而不需要或不 可能指明时，英语往往采用被动句： （1）施事未知而难以言明，如： The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.（凶手已于昨天被捕, 据说他将会被绞 死。） （2）施事可以从上下文中不言自明，如： She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女 主人申诉。 （3）施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调，如： Her only son was run over by a car. 她的独子被汽车轧了。 （4）由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪，例如： Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。 2.句法的要求。英语重形合，注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时，出于造句的需要或修辞 的考虑，往往采用被动式： （1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接，如： Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth. 有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可以用来织布。 （2）为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心和末端重量，以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯， I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。 3.文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句，这类文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。 科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述，力戒作者的主观臆断，因而常常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气 客观、间接，叙事翔实、冷静，施事往往难以言明，也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私，口气客观

正式。二、汉语的被动句使用受限》汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。英语的主动句大多数可转成被动句，汉语则恰恰相反。1).Heisrespectedbyeverybody.人人都尊敬他。（不能译为“他被人人尊敬”）2).JohnactuallylovedMaryandwaslovedinreturn约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。（不能译为“约翰真的爱玛丽，也被玛丽爱”）》汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义。3). My holiday afternoon were spent in ramble about the surrounding country每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。4).Notonlypolitenessbutanattitudeofreverenceisdemanded inchurch在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种诚的态度。5).Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人得思想。6). Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love我宁可死在他们的仇恨之下，也不愿延长这可恨的生命而得不到你的爱。汉语的被动句受到意义和形式的限制，大多数被动意义必须采用其他形式表达，1.使用受事主语的限制。汉语习惯于使用受事主语，导致大量的当然被动句，使得意义被动式大量存在。根据中国人的思维习惯，人的行为，必然是由人来完成的，事或物不可能完成人的行为。这种不言而喻的思维模式使人们在表达时常常把施事者隐藏起来，而把注意力集中在受事者及行为本身，因此受事者便充当了主语。另一方面，表示行为的动词没有形态变化，形式相同的动词可以表达主动意义，也可以表达被动意义，被动式的使用又受到很大的限制。7），昨晚我盖了两床被子。（不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”）LastnightIwascoveredupwithtwoquilts8).这锅饭能吃十个人。（不说“这锅饭能被十个人吃”）Apotofricelikethiscanfeedtenpeople9)困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedand the problem solved.》英语的被动式也常常译成汉语的主动式。10).Thefirst clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1000 A.D., but clocks ofthat kind could not be carried aboutfrom place to place.Anotherfour hundred andfiftyyears passed before thefirst watch was made in Germany据说第一座装有钟摆和齿轮的钟大约是在公元一千年左右发明的。但是这样的钟不便携带。又过了四百五2

2 正式。 二、汉语的被动句使用受限 ➢ 汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。英语的主动句大多数可转成被动句，汉语则恰恰相反。 1). He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。（不能译为“他被人人尊敬”） 2). John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。（不能译为“约翰真 的爱玛丽，也被玛丽爱”） ➢ 汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义。 3). My holiday afternoon were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。 4). Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种虔诚的态度。 5).Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人得思想。 6). Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love. 我宁可死在他们的仇恨之下，也不愿延长这可恨的生命而得不到你的爱。 汉语的被动句受到意义和形式的限制，大多数被动意义必须采用其他形式表达。 1.使用受事主语的限制。 ➢ 汉语习惯于使用受事主语，导致大量的当然被动句，使得意义被动式大量存在。根据中国人的思维习 惯，人的行为，必然是由人来完成的，事或物不可能完成人的行为。这种不言而喻的思维模式使人们在表 达时常常把施事者隐藏起来，而把注意力集中在受事者及行为本身，因此受事者便充当了主语。另一方面， 表示行为的动词没有形态变化，形式相同的动词可以表达主动意义，也可以表达被动意义，被动式的使用 又受到很大的限制。 7）. 昨晚我盖了两床被子。（不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”）Last night I was covered up with two quilts. 8).这锅饭能吃十个人。（不说“这锅饭能被十个人吃”）A pot of rice like this can feed ten people. 9). 困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved. ➢ 英语的被动式也常常译成汉语的主动式。 10). The first clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1000 A.D., but clocks of that kind could not be carried about from place to place. Another four hundred and fifty years passed before the first watch was made in Germany. 据说第一座装有钟摆和齿轮的钟大约是在公元一千年左右发明的。但是这样的钟不便携带。又过了四百五

十年，第一块表才在德国制造出来。2.无主句、主语省略句的限制。》当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构完整，句中不能没有主语，只好采用被动式或其他句式，以便把施事者省略或者隐含起来。11).要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured12）.为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Whyshouldalltheunpleasantjobsbepushedontome13). Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed注意看看信的地址是否写对了。3.通称、泛称作主语的限制。》当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以使用通称或泛称（如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“别人”等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式。如：14).Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.有人听见呼救的声音。15).He has often,not always justly,been accused of indecisiveness人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。》汉语用通称作主语的句式，也常常译成英语的被动式：16).众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago17).人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。Theproblemofpopulationcontrolhastoberecognizedandapproachedinaworldenvironmentalcontext4.其他句式的限制（1）处置式（即“把字式”或“将字式”），（“处置式”代替“被字式”）表示施事对受事的处置或支配行为。在汉语中多数被动式是可以改为处置式，如：树被风刮倒了。→风把树刮倒了。他被人杀害了。→有人把他杀害了。英语的被字式译为汉语时，若不便采用“被字式”，常常采用“处置式”18).Thesequestionsshouldnotbeconfused.不要把这些问题混在一起。19).The mechanical energy can be changed back into electronical energy by a generator.利用发电机，可以将机械能再变为电能。（2）“是……的”、“………·的是”式，即表示状态的静句，通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换，如20）这些产品是我国制造的。（我国制造这些产品）Theseproductsaremadeinourcountry21）风速是用秒米来表示的。（用秒米表示风速）Thespeedofwindisexpressedinmetresbysecond3

3 十年，第一块表才在德国制造出来。 2．无主句、主语省略句的限制。 ➢ 当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英 语注重句子结构完整，句中不能没有主语，只好采用被动式或其他句式，以便把施事者省略或者隐含起来。 11). 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 12).为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 13). Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed. 注意看看信的地址是否写对了。 3. 通称、泛称作主语的限制。 ➢ 当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以使用通称或泛称（如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“别人”等) 作主 语，以保持句子的主动形式。如： 14). Voices were heard calling for help. 有人听见呼救的声音。 15). He has often, not always justly, been accused of indecisiveness. 人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。 ➢ 汉语用通称作主语的句式，也常常译成英语的被动式： 16). 众所周知, 中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 17). 人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。 The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context. 4.其他句式的限制 （1）处置式( 即“把字式”或“将字式”)，（“处置式”代替“被字式”） 表示施事对受事的处置或支配 行为。在汉语中多数被动式是可以改为处置式， 如：树被风刮倒了。→风把树刮倒了。他被人杀害了。 →有人把他杀害了。 英语的被字式译为汉语时，若不便采用“被字式”，常常采用“处置式”： 18). These questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。 19).The mechanical energy can be changed back into electronical energy by a generator. 利用发电机，可以将机械能再变为电能。 （2）“是.的”、“.的是”式，即表示状态的静句，通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换，如： 20）这些产品是我国制造的。（我国制造这些产品）These products are made in our country. 21）风速是用秒米来表示的。（用秒米表示风速）The speed of wind is expressed in metres by second

22）推荐我的是一位教授。（我是由一位教授推荐的。）Iwasrecommendedbyaprofessor（3）“加以、予以”、“（遭）受”式，组成倒置的动宾结构，如：23）这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。Thisquestionwillbediscussedinthenextchapter24）这必须在适当的时候予以处理。Itmustbedealtwithattheappropriatetime25）Hewaspolicedbythebossescop.他受到老板雇佣的警察的监督。26) I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World Warand now might be destroyed by an impending riot我想到了这座古城在第二次世界大战时得到幸免，而现在却要遭到即将来临的暴乱的破坏，内心感到无比悲伤。除上述形式外，汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段，用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义。27）Theyarepaidforthis.他们拿钱就是千这个的。28) He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness一天又一天，一年又一年，他始终吉星高照，令人惊异不已。29)He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute他日常生活中有一条不可动摇的信念，那就是，道德标准是绝对的。1．Thedecisiontoattackwasnottakenlightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。（译成带表语的主动句）2.Therefore, when we arereceived with so muchhonor and somuchkindness in thisgreat countryI believethatthe People's Republic of China is doinga very significant thing因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的。3.Kissinger was alarmed byChina's first atomic blast inOctober,1964一九六四年十月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。4.The Chinese Table Tennis Team also visited a Manhattan public school, delighting the pupils and beingdelightedbythem.（汉语主动英语被动）中国乒乓球队还访问了曼哈顿的一所公立学校。队员们和学生们都为这次见面感到高兴。5. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous negro leader.这次反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。6. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.应该使全体公民明白，享受权利者必须承担相应的义务。（无主句）4

4 22）推荐我的是一位教授。(我是由一位教授推荐的。) I was recommended by a professor. （3）“.加以、予以”、“（遭）受.”式，组成倒置的动宾结构，如： 23）这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。This question will be discussed in the next chapter. 24）这必须在适当的时候予以处理。It must be dealt with at the appropriate time. 25）He was policed by the bosses’ cop. 他受到老板雇佣的警察的监督。 26）I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot. 我想到了这座古城在第二次世界大战时得到幸免，而现在却要遭到即将来临的暴乱的破坏，内心感到无比 悲伤。 除上述形式外，汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段，用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义。 27）They are paid for this. 他们拿钱就是干这个的。 28）He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness. 一天又一天，一年又一年，他始终吉星高照，令人惊异不已。 29）He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute. 他日常生活中有一条不可动摇的信念，那就是，道德标准是绝对的。 1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。(译成带表语的主动句) 2. Therefore, when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country I believe that the People’s Republic of China is doing a very significant thing. 因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大 意义的。 3. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October,1964. 一九六四年十月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。 4.The Chinese Table Tennis Team also visited a Manhattan public school, delighting the pupils and being delighted by them. (汉语主动 英语被动) 中国乒乓球队还访问了曼哈顿的一所公立学校。队员们和学生们都为这次见面感到高兴。 5. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous negro leader. 这 次反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。 6. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations. 应该使全体公民明白，享受权利者必须承担相应的义务。（无主句）

7.Metals are deliberatelymixed to producehundreds of newsubstances withdesirablequalities nototherwiseavailable.故意把各种金属混合在一起，可以产生数百种新物质。这些新物质的特性合乎人们的需要，也是一般金属所没有的。8. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct thatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.这种反应并不错，这是人类道德观念推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。9.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.门口放着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。10.Itwasanoldwoman,tall and shapelystill,thoughwitheredbytime,onwhomhiseyesfell whenhestoppedand turned他站住，转过身来，定晴一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得樵。Il.Theonlyconcessionhemadetotheclimatewastowearawhitedinnerjacket气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。12. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia, where he had spent his vacation basking in the sun after thecompletion of the construction job he had been engaged in the South本来在南方从事一项建筑工程，任务完成之后，他就上佐治亚去度假，享受着阳光，前天才坐飞机回来。13.Therearemany wonderful storiesto tell about theplacesI visited andthepeopleImet我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。14.It was a dayas fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. Itwas aday compounded fromsilences of beeandflower and oceanand land,whichwerenot silences at all,butmotions, stirs, flutters,rinsings, fallings,each in its owntimeandmatches rhythm.绿草姜姜，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。15. While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the greatiron gate of Miss Pinkerton's academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Hall, a large family coach, with two fathorses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles anhour.①这个世纪那会儿才过了十几年。②在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，一辆宽散的私人马车来到契斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前。③拉车的两匹马很是肥壮，马具雪亮雪亮的。④车天也很肥胖，头上带5

5 7.Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities not otherwise available. 故意把各种金属混合在一起，可以产生数百种新物质。这些新物质的特性合乎人们的需要，也是一般金属 所没有的。 8. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 这种反应并不错，这是人类道德观念推理的本能在起作用。这 种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。 9.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. 门口放着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 10. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。 11.The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket. 气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。 12. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia, where he had spent his vacation basking in the sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in the South. 本来在南方从事一项建筑工程，任务完成之后，他就上佐治亚去度假，享受着阳光，前天才坐飞机回 来。 13. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met . 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。 14.It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rinsings, fallings, each in its own time and matches rhythm. 绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂， 这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。 15. While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Hall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. ①这个世纪那会儿才过了十几年。②在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，一辆宽敞的私人马车来到契斯维克林 荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前。③拉车的两匹马很是肥壮，马具雪亮雪亮的。④车夫也很肥胖,头上带

着假发和三角帽。③赶车的速度是一小时四英里。16.一般老百姓的眼睛虽然老是町着电视机，但他们对一个大使的工作状况的了解还是极为肤浅的。The average citizen, with his eyes glued to TV, has only the vaguest idea about what an ambassador does17.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by thepaucity of the formation media18.我借爸爸出差的便当，一起跟着去了四川。在那儿，我终于尝到了正宗的四川菜。Taking advantage of a business trip with my father,I went to Sichuan whereI was eventually able to pick up a fewSichuancuisines19.一旦人与人之间的关系出现危机，每个人都不禁认为，问题出在别人身上。所以，每个人都有改变他人的冲动。It is tempting to think that, the problem lies with other people once it occurs in our relationship and hence theimpulse to change other people around us.20.水，乃私家园林的标志性元素，必不可缺。无水，则园中一草一石，一花一木皆了无生趣。As an indispensable and symbolic element, water can never be absent in a private garden, or else the stones, trees,bushesandflowersinitwouldlosealltheirvitality6

6 着假发和三角帽。⑤赶车的速度是一小时四英里。 16. 一般老百姓的眼睛虽然老是盯着电视机，但他们对一个大使的工作状况的了解还是极为肤浅的。 The average citizen, with his eyes glued to TV, has only the vaguest idea about what an ambassador does. 17. 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变 得更加严重了。 The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the formation media. 18.我借爸爸出差的便当，一起跟着去了四川。在那儿，我终于尝到了正宗的四川菜。 Taking advantage of a business trip with my father, I went to Sichuan where I was eventually able to pick up a few Sichuan cuisines. 19.一旦人与人之间的关系出现危机，每个人都不禁认为，问题出在别人身上。所以，每个人都有改变他人 的冲动。 It is tempting to think that, the problem lies with other people once it occurs in our relationship and hence the impulse to change other people around us. 20.水，乃私家园林的标志性元素，必不可缺。无水，则园中一草一石，一花一木皆了无生趣。 As an indispensable and symbolic element, water can never be absent in a private garden, or else the stones, trees, bushes and flowers in it would lose all their vitality