上海交通大学：《微生物学 Microbiology》课程教学资源（双语课件）Lecture 15.2 Microbial Ecology（Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and Bioremediation）

上降充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896 1920 1987 2006 Lecture 15-2 Microbial Ecology: Nutrient Cycles,Biodegradation, and Bioremediation CHAPTER24 in18s6 BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS O TONG Zhao Liping,Chen Feng School of Life Science and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University

1896 1920 1987 2006 Lecture 15-2 Microbial Ecology: Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and Bioremediation Zhao Liping, Chen Feng School of Life Science and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University CHAPTER 24 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS

充通大￥ 上i Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896 1920 1987 2006 I.THE NUTRIENT CYCLES 7m。。。人风

1896 1920 1987 2006 I. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES

1.The Carbon Cycle C02 Human activities Respiration Land Animals and plants microorganisms Aquatic plants and C02 Aquatic phyto- animals plankton Biological pump. Fossil←-Humus Death and C02 fuels mineralization - Soil formation Earth's crust Rock formation 2012 Pearson Education,Inc The carbon and oxygen cycles are closely connected,as oxygenic photosynthesis both removes CO2 and produces O2 while respiratory processes both produce CO2 and remove O2.碳循环与氧循环密切相关

3 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1. The Carbon Cycle The carbon and oxygen cycles are closely connected, as oxygenic photosynthesis both removes CO2 and produces O2 while respiratory processes both produce CO2 and remove O2.碳循环与氧循环密切相关

(CH20)n Organic matter Oxygenic photosynthesis Respiration Chemolithotrophy Methanotrophy Oxic CH4 CO2 Anoxic Methanogenesis Acetogenesis Syntroph Anaerobic assisted respiration Anoxygenic and photosynthesis fermentation Organic matter (CH2O)n 2012 Pearson Education,Inc

2.The Nitrogen Cycle氮循环 Nitrification NO2 Oxidation reactions Assimilation NH2 groups Assimilation of protein Nitrogen NO3 fixation are represented DRNA mmonification Oxic by yellow NH3 Anoxic arrows and NH2 groups Assimilation reductions NO2 of protein Ammonification Nitrogen in red. fixation NO, N20 Anammox N2 5 Denitrification 2012 Pearson Education,Inc

5 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2. The Nitrogen Cycle氮循环 Oxidation reactions are represented by yellow arrows and reductions in red

Key Processes and Prokaryotes in the Nitrogen Cycle Processes Example organisms Nitrification (NH+-NO3) NH4→NO2 Nitrosomonas NO2→NO3 Nitrobacter Denitrification (NO3-N2) Bacillus,Paracoccus, Pseudomonas N2 Fixation (N2+8 H-NHg+H2) Free-living Aerobic Azotobacter Cyanobacteria Anaerobic Clostridium,purple and green phototrophic bacteria Methanobacterium (Archaea) Symbiotic Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium Frankia Ammonification (organic-N-NH4+) Many organisms can do this Anammox (NO2+NH3-2 N2) Brocadia 2012 Pearson Education,Inc

3.The Sulfur Cycle疏循环 Chemolithotrophic oxidation Oxidations SH groups of proteins are shown in yellow arrows te assimilation Desulfurylation and DMS→DMSO S042 Sulfate reduction Oxic H2S reductions in Anoxic red Sufate assimio DMSO≥DMS sulfurylation roporionio SH groups of proteins Sulfur So reduction 7 2012 Pearson Education,inc

7 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 3. The Sulfur Cycle硫循环 Oxidations are shown in yellow arrows and reductions in red

Key Processes and Prokaryotes in the Sulfur Cycle Process Organisms Sulfide/sulfur oxidation(H2S→s0→So,2) Aerobic Sulfur chemolithotrophs硫的氧化 (Thiobacillus,Beggiatoa,many others) Anaerobic Purple and green phototrophic bacteria,some chemolithotrophs Sulfate reduction (anaerobic)(SO2--H2S) 硫的还原 Desulfovibrio,Desulfobact Archaeoglobus (Archaea) Sulfur reduction (anaerobic)(S-H2S) Desulfuromonas,many hyperthermophilic Archaea Sulfur disproportionation(S2O32→H2S+SO42)硫的歧化反应 Thiosulfate Desulfovibrio,and others Organic sulfur compound oxidation or reduction(CHgSH-CO2+H2S) (DMSO→DMS, Many organisms can do this Desulfurylation (organic-S-H2S) Many organisms can do this 脱硫

硫的还原 硫的氧化 硫的歧化反应 脱硫 Thiosulfate

4.The Phosphorous,Calcium,and Silica Cycles ©Phosphorous Cycle Organic and inorganic phosphates e Cycles through living organisms,water,and soil Calcium Cycle Reservoirs are rocks and oceans o Marine phototrophic microorganisms use Ca2+to form exoskeleton 9 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

9 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 4. The Phosphorous, Calcium, and Silica Cycles Phosphorous Cycle • Organic and inorganic phosphates • Cycles through living organisms, water, and soil Calcium Cycle • Reservoirs are rocks and oceans • Marine phototrophic microorganisms use Ca2+ to form exoskeleton

Figure 24.13 (a) (b) Ca2++2HC03 CaC03+C02+H20 H+HC03≥H2CO3 Dissolved Ca2+ HCO3 Calcareous exoskeletons A 日 面 且 Sinking ■ Upwelling Detrital CaCO3 Mineralization in sediments (c) 2012 Pearson Education,Inc The marine calcium (Ca)cycle

Figure 24.13 Dissolved Ca2 HCO3  Detrital CaCO3 Calcareous exoskeletons Upwelling Sinking Ca2  2 HCO3  CaCO3  CO2  H2O H  HCO3  H2CO3 Mineralization in sediments © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The marine calcium (Ca) cycle