上海交通大学：《微生物学 Microbiology》课程教学资源（双语课件）Lecture 15.1 Microbial Ecology_Microbial Habitats and Diversity（MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS、Marine Microbiology）

上降充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896 1920 1987 2006 Lecture 15-1 Microbial Ecology:Major Microbial Habitats and Diversity CHAPTER 23in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS AO TON Chen Feng School of Life Science and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University

1896 1920 1987 2006 Lecture 15-1 Microbial Ecology: Major Microbial Habitats and Diversity Chen Feng School of Life Science and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University CHAPTER 23 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS

充通大警 上i Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896 1920 1987 2006 I.MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS 15.1 Populations,Guilds, HAI JIAO TONG UNIVER and Communities n

1896 1920 1987 2006 I. MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS 15.1 Populations, Guilds, and Communities

o→8→88+88 +88888 Population Components of Microbial Ecosystem Populations ·Individual cells grow to form populationsi群体由单个细 胞共同组成 ( uildsi种群 o Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds代谢相关的一群同种生物构成种群 Communities群落 e Sets of guilds conducting complementary physiological processes interact to form microbial communities-一系列种群相互作用及生理互补构成群落 3 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

3 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Components of Microbial Ecosystem Populations • Individual cells grow to form populations群体由单个细 胞共同组成 Guilds种群 • Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds代谢相关的一群同种生物构成种群 Communities群落 • Sets of guilds conducting complementary physiological processes interact to form microbial communities一系列种群相互作用及生理互补构成群落

Guilds and communities种群与群落 Various microbial Light community structure in a Community 1 Community 2 lake ecosystem.湖泊生 Photic zone: Oxic zone: Oxygenic phototrophs Aerobes and facultative aerobes 态系统中的群落组成 6C02+6H20→ C6H1206+602 C6H1206+602→ 6C02+6H20 Energy yield Community 3 Anoxic sediments: 1.Guild 1:denitrifying bacteria (NON2) ferric iron-reducing bacteria(Fe3+-Fe2) 2.Guild 2:sulfate-reducing bacteria(SOH2S) sulfur-reducing bacteria(s°→H2S) 3.Guild 3:fermentative bacteria 4.Guild 4:methanogens(CO2-CH4) For the sediment community,major acetogens(CO2-acetate) guilds are indicated.层积层群落 2012 Prson Edcon ine 中的主要种群 4 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

4 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Guilds and communities 种群与群落 Various microbial community structure in a lake ecosystem. 湖泊生 态系统中的群落组成 For the sediment community, major guilds are indicated.层积层群落 中的主要种群

Microbial ecology微生物生态学 Microbial ecologists primarily focus on two areas of study: Biodiversity of microorganisms in nature and how different guilds interact in microbial communities 生物的多样性 Activities of microorganisms in nature and monitor their effects on ecosystems微生物的活性 5 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

5 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Microbial ecology 微生物生态学 Microbial ecologists primarily focus on two areas of study: • Biodiversity of microorganisms in nature and how different guilds interact in microbial communities微 生物的多样性 • Activities of microorganisms in nature and monitor their effects on ecosystems微生物的活性

15.2 Environments and Microenvironments 境与微环境 Growth of microorganisms in nature Resources(nutrients available) ·Proper Conditions 。·Temperature ·pH 。Vater availability ·Light Oxygen Slow growth in nature than in pure culture E.coli doubling time:12 hour in intestine,20 min in culture 6 Microbiology.Shanghai Jiao Tong University

6 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 15.2 Environments and Microenvironments 环 境与微环境 Growth of microorganisms in nature • Resources (nutrients available) • Proper Conditions • Temperature • pH • Water availability • Light • Oxygen Slow growth in nature than in pure culture • E. coli doubling time: 12 hour in intestine, 20 min in culture

Microenvironment微环境 ©Niche for microorganism微生物的小生境 (生态位) Prime niche:a habitat defined by the type and quantity of different resources and the physicochemical conditions in which a microorganism is most successful初始生态 位：自然界中微生物最适宜的小环境 Think small-microenvironment 3 mm to E.coli just as the same of 2 km to a man 7 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

7 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Microenvironment 微环境 Niche for microorganism微生物的小生境 （生态位） • Prime niche: a habitat defined by the type and quantity of different resources and the physicochemical conditions in which a microorganism is most successful初始生态 位:自然界中微生物最适宜的小环境 Think small-microenvironment • 3 mm to E. coli just as the same of 2 km to a man

15.3 Microbial Growth on Surfaces and Biofilms 表面生长与生物膜 Surfaces are important microbial habitats because:固体表面是重要的微生物生活环境： ·Nutrients can adsorb to them;营养可吸附于表面 In the microenvironment of a surface,nutrient level may be much higher than they are in the bulk solution. 微环境的固体表面有更高的营养物水平（与水环境相 比)。 A surface may itself also be a nutrient,such as a particle of organic matter.固体表面可能本身就是营养 8 Microbiology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University

8 Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 15.3 Microbial Growth on Surfaces and Biofilms 表面生长与生物膜 Surfaces are important microbial habitats because:固体表面是重要的微生物生活环境： • Nutrients can adsorb to them;营养可吸附于表面； • In the microenvironment of a surface, nutrient level may be much higher than they are in the bulk solution. 微环境的固体表面有更高的营养物水平（与水环境相 比）。 • A surface may itself also be a nutrient, such as a particle of organic matter.固体表面可能本身就是营养

Microscope slides can be used as experimental surfaces to which organisms can attach and grow.显微用玻片可作为微生物附着和生 长的表面 (b) 2012 Pearson Education,Inc. Bacterial microcolonies developing on a microscope slide immersed in a small river..The bright particles are mineral matter..小河中玻片长出的微菌落，亮颗粒 是矿物颗粒

Bacterial microcolonies developing on a microscope slide immersed in a small river. The bright particles are mineral matter. 小河中玻片长出的微菌落,亮颗粒 是矿物颗粒. Microscope slides can be used as experimental surfaces to which organisms can attach and grow.显微用玻片可作为微生物附着和生 长的表面

(b)Fluorescence photomicrograph of a natural microbial community Microcolonies colonizing plant roots in soil. Root Note microcolony development.荧光照片：土 壤根际的自然微生物群 落，注意其中的微菌落 (a) 2012 Pearson Education,Inc. (stained with acridine orange)丫啶橙染色

(b) Fluorescence photomicrograph of a natural microbial community colonizing plant roots in soil. Note microcolony development. 荧光照片:土 壤根际的自然微生物群 落,注意其中的微菌落. (stained with acridine orange)丫啶橙染色