《应用化学专业英语》课程授课教案（讲稿）Unit 2-2

Specialized English for appliedchemistry应用化学专业英语讲稿讲课人：张秀凤

1 Specialized English for applied chemistry 应用化学专业英语讲稿 讲课人：张秀凤

第_4 讲次课程名称：《应用化学专业英语一1》摘要Research and Development授课题目（章、节）「课程内容讲解（2～3parts）ⅡI重点单词和短语讲解本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解并掌握用英语叙述研发的相关内容[重点】研发中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧【难点】句子结构分析及翻译的技巧内容(3) Process improvement.Process improvement relates to processes which are already operating. It may be aproblem thathas arisen and stopped production.Inthis situationthereisa lot of pressureto find a solution assoonaspossible so that production can restart, sincedowntimecosts money（3）工艺改进。工艺改进与正在进行的工艺有关。它可能出现了某个问题使生产停止。在这种情形下，就面临着很大的压力要尽快地解决问题以便生产重新开始，因为故障期耗费资财。downtime:故障期More commonly, however, process improvement will be directed at improving the profitability of theprocess. This might be achieved in a number of ways. For example, improving the yield by optimizing theprocess, increasing the capacity by introducing a new catalyst, or lowering the energy requirements of theprocess.An exampleofthelatterwastheintroductionofturbocompressorsintheproductionofammoniabytheHaberprocess.Thisreducedutilitycosts(mainlyelectricity)from$6.66to%0.56pertonofammoniaproducedImprovingthequalityoftheproduct,byprocessmodification,mayleadtonewmarketsfor theproduct.然而，更为常见的，工艺改进是为了提高生产过程的利润。这可以通过很多途径实现。例如通过优化流程提高产量，引进新的催化剂提高效能，或降低生产过程所需要的能量。可说明后者的一个例子是在生产氨的过程中涡轮压缩机的引进。这使生产氨的成本（主要是电）从每吨6.66美元下降到0.56美元。通过工艺的改善提高产品质量也会为产品打开新的市场。2

2 课程名称：《应用化学专业英语－1》 第 4 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） Research and Development Ⅰ课程内容讲解（2～3parts） Ⅱ重点单词和短语讲解 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解并掌握用英语叙述研发的相关内容 【重 点】 研发中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧 【难 点】 句子结构分析及翻译的技巧 内 容 （3) Process improvement. Process improvement relates to processes which are already operating. It may be a problem that has arisen and stopped production. In this situation there is a lot of pressure to find a solution as soon as possible so that production can restart, since ‘down time’ costs money. （3）工艺改进。工艺改进与正在进行的工艺有关。它可能出现了某个问题使生产停止。在这种情形下， 就面临着很大的压力要尽快地解决问题以便生产重新开始，因为故障期耗费资财。 down time: 故障期 More commonly, however, process improvement will be directed at improving the profitability of the process. This might be achieved in a number of ways. For example, improving the yield by optimizing the process, increasing the capacity by introducing a new catalyst, or lowering the energy requirements of the process. An example of the latter was the introduction of turbo compressors in the production of ammonia by the Haber process. This reduced utility costs (mainly electricity) from $6.66 to %0.56 per ton of ammonia produced. Improving the quality of the product, by process modification, may lead to new markets for the product. 然而，更为常见的，工艺改进是为了提高生产过程的利润。这可以通过很多途径实现。例如通过优 化流程提高产量，引进新的催化剂提高效能，或降低生产过程所需要的能量。可说明后者的一个例子是 在生产氨的过程中涡轮压缩机的引进。这使生产氨的成本（主要是电）从每吨 6.66 美元下降到 0.56 美元。 通过工艺的改善提高产品质量也会为产品打开新的市场

In recent years, however, the most important process improvement activity has been to reducethe environmental impact of the process, ie., to prevent the process causing any pollution. Clearlythere have been two interlinked driving forces for this. Firstly, the public's concern about the safetyof chemicalsand their effecton theenvironment,andthe legislation which hasfollowed as aresultof this.Secondlythe cost tothemanufacturerof havingtotreatwaste(ie.,material which cannotberecovered and used r sold)sothat it canbe safelydisposed of, saybypumping intoa river.Thisobviously represents a charge on the process which will increase the cost of the chemical beingmade.Thepotential for improvement byreducingthe amountofwaste is self-evident.然而，近年来，最重要的工艺改进行为主要是减少生产过程对环境的影响，亦即防止生产过程所引起的污染。很明显，有两个相关连的因素推动这样做。第一，公众对化学产品的安全性及其对环境所产生影响的关注以及由此而制订出来的法律：第二，生产者必须花钱对废物进行处理以便它能安全地清除，比如说，排放到河水中。显然这是生产过程的又一笔费用，它将增加所生产化学产品的成本。通过减少废物数量提高效益其潜能是不言而喻的。Note, however, with a plant which has already been built and is operating there are usuallyonlyvery limited physical changeswhichcanbemadeto theplant to achievetheaboveaims Hencethe importance, already mentioned, of eliminating waste production at the design stage of a newplant. Conserving energy and thus reducing energy cost has been another major preoccupation inrecentyears然而，请注意，对于一个已经建好并正在运行的工厂来说，只能做一些有限的改变来达到上述目的。因此，上面所提到的减少废品的重要性应在新公厂的设计阶段加以考虑。近年来另一个当务之急是保护能源及降低能源消耗。(4) Applications development. Clearly the discovery of new applications or uses for a productcan increase orprolongits profitability.Notonly does thisgeneratemoreincomebut the resultingincreased scaleof production canleadtolowerunit costs and increasedprofit.An exampleisPvCwhose early uses included records and plastic raincoats.Applications which came later includedplastic bags and particularly engineering uses in pipes and guttering（4）应用开发。显然发掘一个产品新的用处或新的用途能拓宽它的获利渠道。这不仅能创造更多的收入，而且由于产量的增加使单元生产成本降低，从而使利润提高。举例来说，PVC早期是用来制造唱片和塑料雨衣的，后来的用途扩展到塑料薄膜，特别是工程上所使用的管子和排水槽。Emphasis has already been placed on the fact that chemicals are usuallypurchased for theeffect, or particular use, or application which theyhave.This often means that there will be closeliaison between the chemical companies'technical sales representatives and the customer, and thelevel of technical support for the customer can be a major factor in winning sales. Research anddevelopment chemists provide the support for these applications developments.An example isCF3CH3F.ThisisthefirstoftheCFCreplacementsandhasbeendevelopedasaextractingnaturalproducts from plant materials. In no way was this envisaged when the compound was first beingmadeforuseas a refrigerantgas,but it clearlyis an example of applicationsdevelopment3

3 In recent years, however, the most important process improvement activity has been to reduce the environmental impact of the process, i.e., to prevent the process causing any pollution. Clearly there have been two interlinked driving forces for this. Firstly, the public’s concern about the safety of chemicals and their effect on the environment, and the legislation which has followed as a result of this. Secondly the cost to the manufacturer of having to treat waste (i.e., material which cannot be recovered and used r sold) so that it can be safely disposed of, say by pumping into a river. This obviously represents a charge on the process which will increase the cost of the chemical being made. The potential for improvement by reducing the amount of waste is self-evident. 然而，近年来，最重要的工艺改进行为主要是减少生产过程对环境的影响，亦即防止生 产过程所引起的污染。很明显，有两个相关连的因素推动这样做。第一，公众对化学产品的 安全性及其对环境所产生影响的关注以及由此而制订出来的法律；第二，生产者必须花钱对 废物进行处理以便它能安全地清除，比如说，排放到河水中。显然这是生产过程的又一笔费 用，它将增加所生产化学产品的成本。通过减少废物数量提高效益其潜能是不言而喻的。 Note, however, with a plant which has already been built and is operating there are usually only very limited physical changes which can be made to the plant to achieve the above aims. Hence the importance, already mentioned, of eliminating waste production at the design stage of a new plant. Conserving energy and thus reducing energy cost has been another major preoccupation in recent years. 然而，请注意，对于一个已经建好并正在运行的工厂来说，只能做一些有限的改变来达 到上述目的。因此，上面所提到的减少废品的重要性应在新公厂的设计阶段加以考虑。近年 来另一个当务之急是保护能源及降低能源消耗。 (4) Applications development. Clearly the discovery of new applications or uses for a product can increase or prolong its profitability. Not only does this generate more income but the resulting increased scale of production can lead to lower unit costs and increased profit. An example is PVC whose early uses included records and plastic raincoats. Applications which came later included plastic bags and particularly engineering uses in pipes and guttering. （4）应用开发。显然发掘一个产品新的用处或新的用途能拓宽它的获利渠道。这不仅能 创造更多的收入，而且由于产量的增加使单元生产成本降低，从而使利润提高。举例来说， PVC 早期是用来制造唱片和塑料雨衣的，后来的用途扩展到塑料薄膜，特别是工程上所使用 的管子和排水槽。 Emphasis has already been placed on the fact that chemicals are usually purchased for the effect, or particular use, or application which they have. This often means that there will be close liaison between the chemical companies’ technical sales representatives and the customer, and the level of technical support for the customer can be a major factor in winning sales. Research and development chemists provide the support for these applications developments. An example is CF3CH3F. This is the first of the CFC replacements and has been developed as a extracting natural products from plant materials. In no way was this envisaged when the compound was first being made for use as a refrigerant gas, but it clearly is an example of applications development

我们已经强调了化学产品是由于它们的效果，或特殊的用途、用处而得以售出这个事实。这就意味着化工产品公司的技术销售代表与顾客之间应有密切的联系。对顾客的技术支持水平往往是赢得销售的一个重要的因素。进行研究和开发的化学家们为这些应用开发提供了帮助。CHCHsF的制造就是一个例子。它最开始是用来做含氟氯烃的替代物作冷冻剂的。然而近来发现它还可以用作从植物中萃取出来的天然物质的溶解剂。当它作为制冷剂被制造时，固然没有预计到这一点，但它显然也是应用开发的一个例子。3.VariationsinR&DActivitiesacrosstheChemical IndustryBoth the natureand amount of R&D carried outvaries significantly across thevarious sectorsof the chemical industry. In sectors which involve largescale production of basic chemicals andwhere the chemistry, products and technology change only slowly because the process are mature,R&D expenditure is at the lower end of the range for the chemical industry.Most of this will bedevoted to process improvement and effluenttreatment. Examples include ammonia fertilizers andchloralkali production from the inorganic side, and basic petrochemical intermediates such aethylenefrom the organic side3.化工行业中研究与开发活动的变化化学工业的不同部门所进行的R&D的性质与数量都有很大的变化。与大规模生产的基础化工产品有关的部门中，化学产品和技术变化都很慢，因为流程已很成熟。R&D经费支出属于化工行业中低的一端，而且大部分的费用是用于过程改进和废水处理。无机方面的例子有氨、肥料和氯碱的生产，有机方面的如乙烯等一些基础石油化学的中间产物。At the other end of the scale lie pharmaceuticals and pesticides (or plant protection products)Here there are immense and continuous efforts to synthesize newmolecules which exert the desired.specific biological effect.A single company may generate 10,000 new compounds for screeningeachyear.Littlewonderthat some individual pharmaceutical company's annualR&Dexpenditureisnow approaching $1000 million! Expressing this in a different way they spend in excess of 14% ofsales income (notenotprofits)onR&D不一样规模生产的是药品和除草剂。人们付出了巨大而持续的努力以合成能产生所希望的、特殊的生物作用的新分子。一家公司每年可能要合成10,000新化合物以供筛选。可以想象一些医药公司其每年的R&D经费支出高达100亿美元。换句话说，他们把超过14%的销售收入投入在R&D上。重点单词短语drivingforces驱动力self-evident不言而喻majorpreoccupation当务之急4

4 我们已经强调了化学产品是由于它们的效果，或特殊的用途、用处而得以售出这个事实。 这就意味着化工产品公司的技术销售代表与顾客之间应有密切的联系。对顾客的技术支持水 平往往是赢得销售的一个重要的因素。进行研究和开发的化学家们为这些应用开发提供了帮 助。CH3CH3F 的制造就是一个例子。它最开始是用来做含氟氯烃的替代物作冷冻剂的。然而 近来发现它还可以用作从植物中萃取出来的天然物质的溶解剂。当它作为制冷剂被制造时， 固然没有预计到这一点，但它显然也是应用开发的一个例子。 3.Variations in R&D Activities across the Chemical Industry Both the nature and amount of R&D carried out varies significantly across the various sectors of the chemical industry. In sectors which involve largescale production of basic chemicals and where the chemistry, products and technology change only slowly because the process are mature, R&D expenditure is at the lower end of the range for the chemical industry. Most of this will be devoted to process improvement and effluent treatment. Examples include ammonia, fertilizers and chloralkali production from the inorganic side, and basic petrochemical intermediates such a ethylene from the organic side. 3．化工行业中研究与开发活动的变化 化学工业的不同部门所进行的 R&D 的性质与数量都有很大的变化。与大规模生产的基础 化工产品有关的部门中，化学产品和技术变化都很慢，因为流程已很成熟。R&D 经费支出属 于化工行业中低的一端，而且大部分的费用是用于过程改进和废水处理。无机方面的例子有 氨、肥料和氯碱的生产，有机方面的如乙烯等一些基础石油化学的中间产物。 At the other end of the scale lie pharmaceuticals and pesticides (or plant protection products). Here there are immense and continuous efforts to synthesize new molecules which exert the desired, specific biological effect. A single company may generate 10,000 new compounds for screening each year. Little wonder that some individual pharmaceutical company’s annual R&D expenditure is now approaching $1000 million! Expressing this in a different way they spend in excess of 14% of sales income (note not profits) on R&D. 不一样规模生产的是药品和除草剂。人们付出了巨大而持续的努力以合成能产生所希望 的、特殊的生物作用的新分子。一家公司每年可能要合成 10,000 新化合物以供筛选。可以想 象一些医药公司其每年的 R&D 经费支出高达 100 亿美元。换句话说，他们把超过 14%的销售 收入投入在 R&D 上。 重点单词短语 driving forces 驱动力 self-evident 不言而喻 major preoccupation 当务之急

本讲课程的小结】课程内容讲解（2～3parts）1、2、重点单词和短语讲解【本讲课程的作业】1、review(2~3parts)2、pre-reading unit3(1~2parts), especialy new technical words and sub-technical words5

5 【本讲课程的小结】 1、 课程内容讲解（2～3parts） 2、 重点单词和短语讲解 【本讲课程的作业】 1、 review（2～3parts） 2、pre-reading unit3(1～2parts)，especialy new technical words and sub-technical words synthetic dystuff 2. In 1860 , the Industrial Revolution silica and sodium carbonate bleaching powder SiO2 NaCO3 glassmakin g bleaching powder 1 .In 1800 , the Industrial Revolution cotton CaClO NaOH alkal soapmaking Gunpowder i （火 药） Cmauve oatings(苯胺漆) 紫) 3. the start of the twentieth century (1914~1933) synthetic pharmaceutical (合成药物) 5. 1960~1970) 4. 1930~1940) 6. a very diverse Since 1980 sector of manufacturing industry plays a central role for our life and production polyethylene, 聚乙烯 PE polypropylene, 聚丙烯 PP nylon, 尼龙， 聚酰胺 polyesters 聚 酯 PET epoxy resins. 环氧树脂 synthetic polymers petrochemicals Development of inorganic chemicals ammonia