《应用化学专业英语》课程授课教案（讲稿）Unit 2-1

Specialized English for appliedchemistry应用化学专业英语讲稿讲课人：张秀凤

1 Specialized English for applied chemistry 应用化学专业英语讲稿 讲课人：张秀凤

第_3讲次课程名称：《应用化学专业英语一1》摘要Research and Development授课题目（章、节）「课程内容讲解（1～2parts）ⅡI重点单词和短语讲解本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解并掌握用英语叙述研发的相关内容【重点】研发中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧【难点】句子结构分析及翻译的技巧内容Unit 2Research and Development研究和开发Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to,is an activity which is carried out byall sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us firstunderstand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean.Although the distinction between research anddevelopment is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them.Insimpleterms researchcanbethoughtof astheactivitywhichproducesnewideas andknowledgewhereasdevelopmentis putting those ideas into practice as new process and products.To illustratethis with anexample,predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity andsynthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could bemarketedasanewdrugcouldbedescribedasthedevelopmentpart.研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。2

2 课程名称：《应用化学专业英语－1》 第 3 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） Research and Development Ⅰ课程内容讲解（1～2parts） Ⅱ重点单词和短语讲解 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解并掌握用英语叙述研发的相关内容 【重 点】 研发中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧 【难 点】 句子结构分析及翻译的技巧 内 容 Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称 R&D 是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的 内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚， 而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的 活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一 点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一 种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分

1.FundamentalResearchandAppliedResearchIn industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen andimprove the company's position and profitability. The purpose ofR&D is to generate and provideinformationandknowledgetoreduceuncertainty,solveproblemsandtoprovidebetterdata onwhich management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and timescales, from a few months to 20 years.2.基础研究和应用研究在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到20年。We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if wewere to start with those which were to spring to the mind ofthe academic, rather than theindustrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background)or exploratory researchand the synthesis of new compounds.This is also labeledblue skies"research我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究Fundamental research is typically associated with universityresearch.It may be carried outfor its own intrinsic interest and it will add to thetotalknowledgebase but no immediateapplications ofit in the"real world"well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable trainingin defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carriesitout under supervision.However,later“spin offs"from suchwork can lead to usefulapplications. Thus physicists claim that but for the study and development of quantum theory wemight not have had computers and nuclear power. However, to take a specifically chemicalexample, general studies on a broad area such as hydrocarbon oxidation might provideinformation which would be useful in more specific areas such as cyclohexane oxidation for theproduction of nylon intermediates基础研究通常与大学研究联系在一起，它可能是由于对其内在的兴趣而进行研究并且这种研究能够拓宽知识范围，但在现实世界中的直接应用可能性是很小的。请注意，这种以内就在提出和解决问题方面提供了极有价值的训练，比如，在指导下完成研究工作的学生所接受的研究方法学（的训练）。而且，从这些工作中产生的“有用的副产品”随后也能带来可观的使用价值。因此，物理学家宣称要不是量子理论的研究和发展我们可能仍然没有计算机和核能量。不管怎样，举一个特殊的化学方面的例子吧，在各个领域如烃的氧化方面所做的广泛的研究将为一些特殊的领域如环己烯氧化生成尼龙中间产物提供有用的信息。Aspects ofsynthesis could involve either developing new, more specific reagents forcontrolling particularfunctional group interconversions, i.e.developing synthetic methodologyorcompletesynthesis ofan entirelynewmoleculewhich isbiologicallyactive.Although theformerisclearlyfundamental the latter encompassesboththis and applied aspects.This term'appliedhastraditionallybeenmoreassociatedwithresearchoutinindustriallaboratories,sincethisismorefocused or targeted.It is a consequence of the work being business driven3

3 1．Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company’s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 2. 基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提 高公司的利润。R&D 的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向 管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间 范围，从几个月到 20 年。 We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的 R&D 活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究 院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable training in defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carries it out under supervision. However, later “spin offs” from such work can lead to useful applications. Thus physicists claim that but for the study and development of quantum theory we might not have had computers and nuclear power. However, to take a specifically chemical example, general studies on a broad area such as hydrocarbon oxidation might provide information which would be useful in more specific areas such as cyclohexane oxidation for the production of nylon intermediates. 基础研究通常与大学研究联系在一起，它可能是由于对其内在的兴趣而进行研究并且 这种研究能够拓宽知识范围，但在现实世界中的直接应用可能性是很小的。请注意，这种 以内就在提出和解决问题方面提供了极有价值的训练，比如，在指导下完成研究工作的学 生所接受的研究方法学（的训练）。而且，从这些工作中产生的“有用的副产品”随后也能 带来可观的使用价值。因此，物理学家宣称要不是量子理论的研究和发展我们可能仍然没 有计算机和核能量。不管怎样，举一个特殊的化学方面的例子吧，在各个领域如烃的氧化 方面所做的广泛的研究将为一些特殊的领域如环己烯氧化生成尼龙中间产物提供有用的信 息。 Aspects of synthesis could involve either developing new, more specific reagents for controlling particular functional group interconversions, i.e. developing synthetic methodology or complete synthesis of an entirely new molecule which is biologically active. Although the former is clearly fundamental the latter encompasses both this and applied aspects. This term ‘applied’ has traditionally been more associated with research out in industrial laboratories, since this is more focused or targeted. It is a consequence of the work being business driven

通过合成可以生产出一些新的、更特殊的试剂以控制特殊的官能团转换，即发展合成方法或完成一些具有生物活性的新分子的合成。尽管前者显然属于基础性研究而后者则包括基础研究和实用性研究两部分。所谓“实用性”习惯上是指与在工业实验室完成的研究联系在一起的，因为它更具目的性，它是商业行为驱动的结果。Note, however, that there has been a major change in recent years as academic institutionshaveincreasinglyturnedtoindustryforresearchfundingwiththeresultthatmuchmoreoftheirresearch effortismowdevoted to moreapplied research.Even so, in academia the emphasisgenerally isverymuchonthe research ratherthanthe development.然而，请注意。近几年有很大的变化，大学研究机构正越来越多地转向工业界寻求研究经费，其结果就是他们的研究工作越来越多地是致力于实用研究。即使这样，学院工作的重点通常还是在于研究而不是开发。1.Types of Industrial Research and DevelopmentThe applied or more targeted type of research and development commonly carried out inindustry can be of several types and wewill briefly consider each.They are:(i)productdevelopment,（i）processdevelopment,（ii）processimprovementand（iv）applicationsdevelopment.Even under these headings there are a multitude of aspects so only a typicalexample can be quoted in each case.The emphasis on each of thesewill varyconsiderablywithinthe different sectors of the chemical industry.2.工业研究和开发的类型通常在生产中完成的实用型的或有目的性的研究和开发可以分为好几类，我们对此加以简述。它们是：（1）产品开发：（2）工艺开发；（3）工艺改进：（4）应用开发：每一类下还有许多分支。我们.对每一类举一个典型的例子来加以说明。在化学工业的不同部门内每类的工作重点有很大的不同。(I)Product development. Product development includes not only the discovery anddevelopment of a new drug but also, for example, providing a new longer-active anti-oxidantadditivetoanautomobileengineoil.Development suchasthishaveenabled servicingintervalstoincrease duringthe lastdecade from3000 to 6000to9000 and nowto 12000 miles.Note thatmostpurchasers of chemicals acquirethemfor the effects that theyproduce i.e. a specific useTeflon, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), may be purchased because it imparts a non-sticksurfaceto cookingpots andpans,therebymakingthemeasiertoclean（1)产品开发。产品开发不仅包括一种新药的发明和生产，还包括，比如说，给一种汽车发动机提供更长时效的抗氧化添加剂。这种开发的产品已经使（发动机）的服务期限在最近的十年中从3000英里提高到6000、9000现在已提高到12000英里。请注意，大部分的买家所需要的是化工产品能创造出来的效果，亦即某种特殊的用途。Tdflon，或称聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）被购买是因为它能使炒菜锅、盆表面不粘，易于清洗。4

4 通过合成可以生产出一些新的、更特殊的试剂以控制特殊的官能团转换，即发展合成 方法或完成一些具有生物活性的新分子的合成。尽管前者显然属于基础性研究而后者则包 括基础研究和实用性研究两部分。所谓“实用性”习惯上是指与在工业实验室完成的研究 联系在一起的，因为它更具目的性，它是商业行为驱动的结果。 Note, however, that there has been a major change in recent years as academic institutions have increasingly turned to industry for research funding, with the result that much more of their research effort is mow devoted to more applied research. Even so, in academia the emphasis generally is very much on the research rather than the development. 然而，请注意。近几年有很大的变化，大学研究机构正越来越多地转向工业界寻求研 究经费，其结果就是他们的研究工作越来越多地是致力于实用研究。即使这样，学院工作 的重点通常还是在于研究而不是开发。 1.Types of Industrial Research and Development The applied or more targeted type of research and development commonly carried out in industry can be of several types and we will briefly consider each. They are: (ⅰ)product development, (ⅱ) process development, (ⅲ) process improvement and (ⅳ) applications development. Even under these headings there are a multitude of aspects so only a typical example can be quoted in each case. The emphasis on each of these will vary considerably within the different sectors of the chemical industry. 2.工业研究和开发的类型 通常在生产中完成的实用型的或有目的性的研究和开发可以分为好几类，我们对 此加以简述。它们是：（1）产品开发；（2）工艺开发；（3）工艺改进；（4）应用开发；每 一类下还有许多分支。我们.对每一类举一个典型的例子来加以说明。在化学工业的不同部 门内每类的工作重点有很大的不同。 (1)Product development. Product development includes not only the discovery and development of a new drug but also, for example, providing a new longer-active anti-oxidant additive to an automobile engine oil. Development such as this have enabled servicing intervals to increase during the last decade from 3000 to 6000 to 9000 and now to 12000 miles. Note that most purchasers of chemicals acquire them for the effects that they produce i.e. a specific use. Teflon, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), may be purchased because it imparts a non-stick surface to cooking pots and pans, thereby making them easier to clean. (1)产品开发。产品开发不仅包括一种新药的发明和生产，还包括，比如说，给一种汽 车发动机提供更长时效的抗氧化添加剂。这种开发的产品已经使（发动机）的服务期限在 最近的十年中从 3000 英里提高到 6000、9000 现在已提高到 12000 英里。请注意，大部分 的买家所需要的是化工产品能创造出来的效果，亦即某种特殊的用途。Tdflon，或称聚四氟 乙烯（PTFE）被购买是因为它能使炒菜锅、盆表面不粘，易于清洗

(2)Processdevelopment.Processdevelopment covers not onlydeveloping a manufacturingprocess for an entirely new product but also a new process or route for an existing product. The pushfor the latter may originate for one or more of thefollowing reasons: availability of new technology,change in theavailability and/or cost ofrawmaterials.Manufactureof vinyl chloridemonomeris anexample of this. Its manufacturing route has changed several times owing to changing economicstechnology and rawmaterials.Another stimulus isa marked increase in demand and hence salesvolume which can have a major effect on the economics of the process.The early days of penicillinmanufactureaffordagoodexampleofthis.（2）工艺开发。工业开发不仅包括为一种全新的产品设计一套制造工艺，还包括为现有的产品设计新的工艺或方案。而要进行后者时可能源于下面的一个或几个原因：新技术的利用、原材料的获得或价格发生了变化。氯乙烯单聚物的制造就是这样的一个例子。它的制造方法随着经济、技术和原材料的变化改变了好几次。另一个刺激因素是需求的显著增加。因而销售量对生产流程的经济效益有很大影响。Penicillin早期的制造就为此提供了一个很好的例子。The abilityof penicillin to prevent the onset of septicemia inbattlewoundsduringthe SecondWorldWar(1939~1945)resulted inanenormous demandforit tobeproducedinquantity.Upuntilthen it had only been produced in small amounts on the surface of the fermentation broth in milkbottles! An enormous R&D effort jointly in the U.S.and the U.K resulted in two majorimprovements to the process. Firstly a different stain of the mould gave much better yields than theoriginal Penicillium notatum. Secondly the major process development was the introduction of thedeep submerged fermentation process.Herethefermentationtakesplacethroughout the brothprovided sterile air is constantly, and vigorously, blown through it. This has enabled the process tobe scaled up enormouslytomodern stainless steel fermenters havinga capacity in excess of50000liters.It is salutary to note that in the first world war (1914~1919)more soldiers died fromsepticemia of their wounds than were actuallykilled outright on the battlefield!Penicillin能预防战争中因伤口感染引发的败血症，因而在第二次世界大战（1939-1945）中，penicillin的需求量非常大，需要大量生产。而在那时，penicillin只能用在瓶装牛奶表面发酵的方法小量的生产。英国和美国投入了巨大的人力物力联合进行研制和开发，对生产流程做出了两个重大的改进。首先用一个不同的菌株一黄霉菌代替普通的青霉，它的产量要比后者高得多。第二个重大的流程开发是引进了深层发酵过程。只要在培养液中持续通入大量纯化空气，发酵就能在所有部位进行。这使生产能力大大地增加，达到现代容量超过5000升的不锈钢发酵器。而在第一次世界大战中，死于伤口感染的士兵比直接死于战场上的人还要多。注意到这一点不能不让我们心存感激。Process development for a new product depends on things such as the scale on which it is to bemanufactured, the by-products formed and their removal/recovery, and required purity. Data will beacquired during this development stage using semi-technical plant (up to 100 liters capacity) whichwill be invaluable in the design of the actual manufacturing plant. If the plant is to be a very largecapacity, continuously operating one, e.g petrochemical or ammonia, then a pilot plant will first bebuilt andoperatedtotest outtheprocess and acquiremoredata,thesesemi-technical orpilotplantswill be requiredfor testing,e.g.,a pesticide, or customer evaluation,e.g.,anew polymer.对一个新产品进行开发要考虑产品生产的规模、产生的副产品以及分离/回收，产品所要求的纯度。在开发阶段利用中试车间（最大容量可达100升）获得的数据设计实际的制造厂是非常宝贵的，例如石油化工或氨的生产。要先建立一个中试车间，运转并测试流程以获得更多的数据。他们需要测试产品的性质，如杀虫剂，或进行消费评估，如一种新的聚合物。5

5 (2) Process development. Process development covers not only developing a manufacturing process for an entirely new product but also a new process or route for an existing product. The push for the latter may originate for one or more of the following reasons: availability of new technology, change in the availability and/or cost of raw materials. Manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer is an example of this. Its manufacturing route has changed several times owing to changing economics, technology and raw materials. Another stimulus is a marked increase in demand and hence sales volume which can have a major effect on the economics of the process. The early days of penicillin manufacture afford a good example of this. （2）工艺开发。工业开发不仅包括为一种全新的产品设计一套制造工艺，还包括为现有的 产品设计新的工艺或方案。而要进行后者时可能源于下面的一个或几个原因：新技术的利用、 原材料的获得或价格发生了变化。氯乙烯单聚物的制造就是这样的一个例子。它的制造方法 随着经济、技术和原材料的变化改变了好几次。另一个刺激因素是需求的显著增加。因而销 售量对生产流程的经济效益有很大影响。Penicillin 早期的制造就为此提供了一个很好的例子。 The ability of penicillin to prevent the onset of septicemia in battle wounds during the Second World War (1939～1945) resulted in an enormous demand for it to be produced in quantity. Up until then it had only been produced in small amounts on the surface of the fermentation broth in milk bottles! An enormous R&D effort jointly in the U.S. and the U.K. resulted in two major improvements to the process. Firstly a different stain of the mould gave much better yields than the original Penicillium notatum. Secondly the major process development was the introduction of the deep submerged fermentation process. Here the fermentation takes place throughout the broth, provided sterile air is constantly, and vigorously, blown through it. This has enabled the process to be scaled up enormously to modern stainless steel fermenters having a capacity in excess of 50000 liters. It is salutary to note that in the first world war (1914～1919) more soldiers died from septicemia of their wounds than were actually killed outright on the battlefield! Penicillin 能预防战争中因伤口感染引发的败血症，因而在第二次世界大战（1939-1945） 中，penicillin 的需求量非常大，需要大量生产。而在那时，penicillin 只能用在瓶装牛奶表面 发酵的方法小量的生产。英国和美国投入了巨大的人力物力联合进行研制和开发，对生产流 程做出了两个重大的改进。首先用一个不同的菌株—黄霉菌代替普通的青霉，它的产量要比 后者高得多。第二个重大的流程开发是引进了深层发酵过程。只要在培养液中持续通入大量 纯化空气，发酵就能在所有部位进行。这使生产能力大大地增加，达到现代容量超过 5000 升 的不锈钢发酵器。而在第一次世界大战中，死于伤口感染的士兵比直接死于战场上的人还要 多。注意到这一点不能不让我们心存感激。 Process development for a new product depends on things such as the scale on which it is to be manufactured, the by-products formed and their removal/recovery, and required purity. Data will be acquired during this development stage using semi-technical plant (up to 100 liters capacity) which will be invaluable in the design of the actual manufacturing plant. If the plant is to be a very large capacity, continuously operating one, e.g. petrochemical or ammonia, then a pilot plant will first be built and operated to test out the process and acquire more data, these semi-technical or pilot plants will be required for testing, e.g., a pesticide, or customer evaluation, e.g., a new polymer. 对一个新产品进行开发要考虑产品生产的规模、产生的副产品以及分离/回收，产品所要 求的纯度。在开发阶段利用中试车间（最大容量可达 100 升）获得的数据设计实际的制造厂 是非常宝贵的，例如石油化工或氨的生产。要先建立一个中试车间，运转并测试流程以获得 更多的数据。他们需要测试产品的性质，如杀虫剂，或进行消费评估，如一种新的聚合物

Note that by-products can has a major influence on the economics of a chemical process.Phenol manufacture provides a striking example of this. The original route, the benzenesulphonicacidroute,hasbecomeobsoletebecausedemandforitsby-producesodiumsulfite(2.2tons/ltonphenol) has dried up. Its recovery and disposal will therefore be an additional charge on theprocess,thus increasingthecostofthephenol,Incontrastthecumenerouteowesitseconomicadvantage over all the other routes to the strong demand for the by-product acetone (0.6 tons/l tonphenol).The sale ofthis thereforereduces the net cost of the phenol注意，副产品对于化学过程的经济效益也有很大的影响。酚的生产就是一个有代表性的例子。早期的方法，苯磺酸方法，由于它的副产品亚硫酸钠需求枯竭而变的过时。亚硫酸钠需回收和废置成为生产过程附加的费用，增加了生产酚的成本。相反，异内基苯方法，在经济效益方面优于所有其他方法就在于市场对于它的副产品丙酮的迫切需求。丙酮的销售所得降低了酚的生产成本。Amajor part ofthe process development activity for a mew plant isto minimize,or ideallyprevent by designing out, waste production and hence possible pollution. The economic andenvironmentaladvantagesofthisareobvious对一个新产品进行工艺开发的一个重要部分是通过设计把废品减到最低，或尽可能地防止可能的污染，这样做带来的经济利益和对环境的益处是显而易见的。Finally it should be noted that process development requires a big team effort betweenchemists,chemical engineers,andelectrical and mechanical engineerstobesuccessful最后要注意，工业开发需要包括化学家、化学工程师、电子和机械工程师这样一支庞大队伍的协同合作才能取得成功。重点单词短语researchanddevelopment研发fundamentalresearch基础研究toillustratethiswithanexample举例说明downtime故障期incontrast相比之下leadtonewmarkets开拓新市场6

6 Note that by-products can has a major influence on the economics of a chemical process. Phenol manufacture provides a striking example of this. The original route, the benzenesulphonic acid route, has become obsolete because demand for its by-produce sodium sulfite (2.2 tons/l ton phenol) has dried up. Its recovery and disposal will therefore be an additional charge on the process, thus increasing the cost of the phenol. In contrast the cumene route owes its economic advantage over all the other routes to the strong demand for the by-product acetone (0.6 tons/l ton phenol).The sale of this therefore reduces the net cost of the phenol. 注意，副产品对于化学过程的经济效益也有很大的影响。酚的生产就是一个有代表性 的例子。早期的方法，苯磺酸方法，由于它的副产品亚硫酸钠需求枯竭而变的过时。亚硫酸 钠需回收和废置成为生产过程附加的费用，增加了生产酚的成本。相反，异丙基苯方法，在 经济效益方面优于所有其他方法就在于市场对于它的副产品丙酮的迫切需求。丙酮的销售所 得降低了酚的生产成本。 A major part of the process development activity for a mew plant is to minimize, or ideally prevent by designing out, waste production and hence possible pollution. The economic and environmental advantages of this are obvious. 对一个新产品进行工艺开发的一个重要部分是通过设计把废品减到最低，或尽可能地 防止可能的污染，这样做带来的经济利益和对环境的益处是显而易见的。 Finally it should be noted that process development requires a big team effort between chemists, chemical engineers, and electrical and mechanical engineers to be successful. 最后要注意，工业开发需要包括化学家、化学工程师、电子和机械工程师这样一支庞大 队伍的协同合作才能取得成功。 重点单词短语 research and development 研发 fundamental research 基础研究 to illustrate this with an example 举例说明 down time 故障期 in contrast 相比之下 lead to new markets 开拓新市场

本讲课程的小结】课程内容讲解（1～2parts）1、2、重点单词和短语讲解【本讲课程的作业】1、review(1~2parts)2、pre-reading unit2(2~3parts),especialy new technical words and sub-technical words7

7 【本讲课程的小结】 1、 课程内容讲解（1～2parts） 2、 重点单词和短语讲解 【本讲课程的作业】 1、 review（1～2parts） 2、pre-reading unit2(2～3parts)，especialy new technical words and sub-technical words synthetic dystuff 2. In 1860 , the Industrial Revolution silica and sodium carbonate bleaching powder SiO2 NaCO3 glassmakin g bleaching powder 1 .In 1800 , the Industrial Revolution cotton CaClO NaOH alkal soapmaking Gunpowder i （火 药） Cmauve oatings(苯胺漆) 紫) 3. the start of the twentieth century (1914~1933) synthetic pharmaceutical (合成药物) 5. 1960~1970) 4. 1930~1940) 6. a very divers Since 1980e sector of manufacturing industry plays a central role for our life and production polyethylene, 聚乙烯 PE polypropylene, 聚丙烯 PP nylon, 尼龙， 聚酰胺 polyesters 聚 酯 PET epoxy resins. 环氧树脂 synthetic polymers petrochemicals Development of inorganic chemicals ammonia