《应用化学专业英语》课程授课教案（讲稿）Unit 3-1

Specialized English for appliedchemistry应用化学专业英语讲稿讲课人：张秀凤

1 Specialized English for applied chemistry 应用化学专业英语讲稿 讲课人：张秀凤

第_5讲次课程名称：《应用化学专业英语一1》摘要Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers授课题目（章、节）「课程内容讲解（1～2parts）ⅡI重点单词和短语讲解本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，对化学工程师的行例工作有所了解【重点】文章中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧【难点】句子结构分析及翻译的技巧内容Unit3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratoryand develop them into money--making, commercial-scale chemical processes. The chemist works in test tubesand Parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants and products (e.g., 100 ml), usually running “batch",constant-temperature experiments. Reactants are placed in a small container in a constant temperature bath Acatalyst is added and the reactions proceed with time. Samples are taken at appropriate intervals to follow theconsumption ofthe reactants and the productionofproducts as time progresses.化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过程。化学家用少量的反应物在试管和派式氧弹中反应相应得到少量的生成物，所进行的通常是间歇性的恒温下的实验，反应物放在很小的置于恒温水槽的容器中，加点催化剂，反应继续进行，随时间推移，反应物被消耗，并有生成物产生，产物在合适的间歇时间获得。By contrast, the chemical engineer typically works with much larger quantities of material and with verylarge(and expensive)equipment.Reactors can hold 1,000 gallons to10,000 gallons or more.Distillationcolumns can be over100feethigh and 10 to30feet indiameter.The capital investment forone process unit in achemicalplantmayexceed$100million!与之相比，化学工程师通常面对的是数量多得多的物质和庞大的（昂贵的）设备。反应器可以容纳1000到10,000加仑甚至更多。蒸馏塔有100英尺多高，直径10到30英尺。化工厂一个单元流程的投资可能超过1亿美元。2

2 课程名称：《应用化学专业英语－1》 第 5 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers Ⅰ课程内容讲解（1～2parts） Ⅱ重点单词和短语讲解 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，对化学工程师的行例工作有所了解 【重 点】 文章中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧 【难 点】 句子结构分析及翻译的技巧 内 容 Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers 化学工程师的例行工作 The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into money-making, commercial-scale chemical processes. The chemist works in test tubes and Parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants and products (e.g., 100 ml), usually running “batch”, constant-temperature experiments. Reactants are placed in a small container in a constant temperature bath. A catalyst is added and the reactions proceed with time. Samples are taken at appropriate intervals to follow the consumption of the reactants and the production of products as time progresses. 化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过 程。化学家用少量的反应物在试管和派式氧弹中反应相应得到少量的生成物，所进行的通常是间歇性的 恒温下的实验，反应物放在很小的置于恒温水槽的容器中，加点催化剂，反应继续进行，随时间推移， 反应物被消耗，并有生成物产生，产物在合适的间歇时间获得。 By contrast, the chemical engineer typically works with much larger quantities of material and with very large (and expensive) equipment. Reactors can hold 1,000 gallons to 10,000 gallons or more. Distillation columns can be over 100 feet high and 10 to 30 feet in diameter. The capital investment for one process unit in a chemical plant may exceed $100 million! 与之相比，化学工程师通常面对的是数量多得多的物质和庞大的（昂贵的）设备。反应器可以容纳 1000 到 10,000 加仑甚至更多。蒸馏塔有 100 英尺多高，直径 10 到 30 英尺。化工厂一个单元流程的投资 可能超过 1 亿美元

The chemical engineer is offen involved in“scaling up"a chemist-developed small-scalereactor and separation system to a very large commercial plant.The chemical engineer must workclosely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process andto make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed todesign, operate, and optimize the process. This is why the chemical engineering curriculum containsso many chemistry courses.在把化学家研制的小型反应器及分离系统“放大”到很大的商业化车间时，通常需要化学工程师的参与。为了彻底了解过程中的化学反应，化学工程师必须与化学家密切合作以确保能得到所需要的反应的动力学性质和物理性质参数以进行设计、运转和优选流程。这就是为什么化工课程要包括那么多的化学类课程的原因。The chemical engineer must also work closely with mechanical, electrical, civil, andmetallurgical engineers in order to design and operate the physical equipment in a plant--thereactors,tanks, distillation columns, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors,Control andinstrumentation devices, and so on.One big item that is always on such an equipment list is piping.One of themost impressivefeaturesfatypical chemical plant is the tremendous number of pipesrunning all over the site, literally hundreds of miles in many plants. These pipes transfer processmaterials (gases and liquids)into and out of the plant They also carryutilities (steam, cooling waterair,nitrogen, and refrigerant)to the process units化学工程师还必须与机械、电子、土木建筑和冶金工程师密切协作以设计和操作工厂的机械设备一反应器、槽、蒸馏塔、热交换器、泵、压缩机、控制器和仪器设备等等。在这张设备单上还有一大类是管子。化工厂最典型的特征之一就是数目庞大的管道贯穿所有生产间。可以毫不夸张地说，在许多车间都有几百英里长的管道。这些管道输入和输出车间的反应物质进行传递，同时还可携带有用的东西（水蒸气、冷却水、空气、氧、冷却剂）进入操作单元。To commercialize the laboratory chemistry, the chemical engineer is involved in development,design, construction, operation, sales, and research. The terminology used to label these functions isby no means uniform from company to company, but a rose by any other name is still a rose. Let usdescribe each of these functions briefly. It should be emphasized that the jobs we shall discuss are"typical"and“classical",butarebynomeanstheonlythings that chemical engineersdo.Thechemical engineer has a broad background in mathematics, chemistry,and physics.Therefore, he orshecan, and does,fill arichvarietyofjobs in industry,government,and academia要把实验室研究商业化，化学工程师要参与进行开发、设计、建筑、操作、销售和研究工作。各个公司用来表示这些工作的名词不完全一样，但万变不离其宗。让我们简单地把每个工作描述一下。应该强调的是，我们所讨论的工作是“典型的”和“经典的”，但并不意味着化学工程师只能做这些事。化学工程师在数学、化学和物理学方面都有很好的知识基础，因此，他或她能够而且确实适应工业、政府部门、大专院校等非常广泛的职业要求。3

3 The chemical engineer is often involved in “scaling up” a chemist-developed small-scale reactor and separation system to a very large commercial plant. The chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed to design, operate, and optimize the process. This is why the chemical engineering curriculum contains so many chemistry courses. 在把化学家研制的小型反应器及分离系统“放大”到很大的商业化车间时，通常需要化 学工程师的参与。为了彻底了解过程中的化学反应，化学工程师必须与化学家密切合作以确 保能得到所需要的反应的动力学性质和物理性质参数以进行设计、运转和优选流程。这就是 为什么化工课程要包括那么多的化学类课程的原因。 The chemical engineer must also work closely with mechanical, electrical, civil, and metallurgical engineers in order to design and operate the physical equipment in a plant-the reactors, tanks, distillation columns, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, Control and instrumentation devices, and so on. One big item that is always on such an equipment list is piping. One of the most impressive features f a typical chemical plant is the tremendous number of pipes running all over the site, literally hundreds of miles in many plants. These pipes transfer process materials (gases and liquids) into and out of the plant. They also carry utilities (steam, cooling water, air, nitrogen, and refrigerant) to the process units. 化学工程师还必须与机械、电子、土木建筑和冶金工程师密切协作以设计和操作工厂的 机械设备—反应器、槽、蒸馏塔、热交换器、泵、压缩机、控制器和仪器设备等等。在这张 设备单上还有一大类是管子。化工厂最典型的特征之一就是数目庞大的管道贯穿所有生产间。 可以毫不夸张地说，在许多车间都有几百英里长的管道。这些管道输入和输出车间的反应物 质进行传递，同时还可携带有用的东西（水蒸气、冷却水、空气、氧、冷却剂）进入操作单 元。 To commercialize the laboratory chemistry, the chemical engineer is involved in development, design, construction, operation, sales, and research. The terminology used to label these functions is by no means uniform from company to company, but a rose by any other name is still a rose. Let us describe each of these functions briefly. It should be emphasized that the jobs we shall discuss are “typical” and “classical”, but are by no means the only things that chemical engineers do. The chemical engineer has a broad background in mathematics, chemistry, and physics. Therefore, he or she can, and does, fill a rich variety of jobs in industry, government, and academia. 要把实验室研究商业化，化学工程师要参与进行开发、设计、建筑、操作、销售和研究 工作。各个公司用来表示这些工作的名词不完全一样，但万变不离其宗。让我们简单地把每 个工作描述一下。应该强调的是，我们所讨论的工作是“典型的”和“经典的”，但并不意味 着化学工程师只能做这些事。化学工程师在数学、化学和物理学方面都有很好的知识基础， 因此，他或她能够而且确实适应工业、政府部门、大专院校等非常广泛的职业要求

1.DevelopmentDevelopment is the intermediate step required in passing from a laboratory-size process to acommercial-size process.Thepilot-plant"process involved in development might involve reactorsthat are five gallons in capacity and distllation columns that are three inches in diameter.Development is usually part of the commercialization of a chemical process because the scale-upproblem is a very difficult one. Jumping directly from test tubes to 10,000-gallon reactors can be atricky and sometimes dangerous endeavor.Some of the subtle problems involved which are not atall obvious to the uninitiated include mixing imperfections, increasing radial temperature gradientsanddecreasingratios ofheattransferareastoheatgenerationrates1.开发开发工作是从实验室规模向商业化规模转化所必需的中间阶段。开发阶段所涉及的“中试”流程所使用的反应器容量为5加仑，蒸馏塔直径为3英寸。开发通常是化学流程商业化的一部分。因为“放大”规模是一个非常困难的问题。直接从试管研制跳到在10.000加仑反应器里生产是非常棘手的有时甚至是危险的工作。一些（在实验室研究阶段）根本不明显的未加以考虑的细微问题，如混合不均匀，温度梯度辐射状升高，热交换面积逐渐降低以及热交换速度下降等（在后一阶段变得影响很大)。The chemical engineer works with the chemist and a team of other engineers to design,construct,and operatethe pilot plant.The design aspect involves specifying equipment sizes.configuration, and materials of construction. Usually pilot plants are designed to be quite flexible, sothat awidevarietyof conditions and configurations can beevaluated化学工程师与化学家和其他一些工程师协作对中师车间进行设计、安装和运行，设计方面包括确定设备的尺寸、结构、制造所用的材料。通常中师车间的设计是有很大的变通性的，以便能对各种情况和构造进行评估。Once the pilot plant is operational, performance and optimization data can be obtained in ordertoevaluatetheprocessfromaneconomicpointofview.Theprofitabilityisassessedateachstageofthe development of the process, If it appears that not enough money will be made to justify thecapital investment, the project will be stopped.中试车间一日开始运转，就能获得性能数据和选定最佳数值以便从经济学角度对流程进行评价。对生产过程的每一个阶段可能获得的利润进行评定。如果结果显示投入的资金不能有足够的回报，这项计划将被停止。The pilot plant offers the opportunity to evaluate materials of construction, measurementtechniques, and process control strategies.The experimental findings in the pilot plant can be usedtoimprovethedesignofthefull-scaleplant.中师车间还提供了评价设备制造材料、测量方法、流程控制技术的机会。中试车间的这些实验数据对于工业装置设计的改善能提供有用的帮助。4

4 1. Development Development is the intermediate step required in passing from a laboratory-size process to a commercial-size process. The “pilot-plant” process involved in development might involve reactors that are five gallons in capacity and distillation columns that are three inches in diameter. Development is usually part of the commercialization of a chemical process because the scale-up problem is a very difficult one. Jumping directly from test tubes to 10,000-gallon reactors can be a tricky and sometimes dangerous endeavor. Some of the subtle problems involved which are not at all obvious to the uninitiated include mixing imperfections, increasing radial temperature gradients, and decreasing ratios of heat transfer areas to heat generation rates. 1. 开发 开发工作是从实验室规模向商业化规模转化所必需的中间阶段。开发阶段所涉及的“中 试”流程所使用的反应器容量为 5 加仑，蒸馏塔直径为 3 英寸。开发通常是化学流程商业化 的一部分。因为“放大”规模是一个非常困难的问题。直接从试管研制跳到在 10.000 加仑反 应器里生产是非常棘手的有时甚至是危险的工作。一些（在实验室研究阶段）根本不明显的 未加以考虑的细微问题，如混合不均匀，温度梯度辐射状升高，热交换面积逐渐降低以及热 交换速度下降等（在后一阶段变得影响很大）。 The chemical engineer works with the chemist and a team of other engineers to design, construct, and operate the pilot plant. The design aspect involves specifying equipment sizes, configuration, and materials of construction. Usually pilot plants are designed to be quite flexible, so that a wide variety of conditions and configurations can be evaluated. 化学工程师与化学家和其他一些工程师协作对中师车间进行设计、安装和运行，设计方 面包括确定设备的尺寸、结构、制造所用的材料。通常中师车间的设计是有很大的变通性的， 以便能对各种情况和构造进行评估。 Once the pilot plant is operational, performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from an economic point of view. The profitability is assessed at each stage of the development of the process. If it appears that not enough money will be made to justify the capital investment, the project will be stopped. 中试车间一旦开始运转，就能获得性能数据和选定最佳数值以便从经济学角度对流程进 行评价。对生产过程的每一个阶段可能获得的利润进行评定。如果结果显示投入的资金不能 有足够的回报，这项计划将被停止。 The pilot plant offers the opportunity to evaluate materials of construction, measurement techniques, and process control strategies. The experimental findings in the pilot plant can be used to improve the design of the full-scale plant. 中师车间还提供了评价设备制造材料、测量方法、流程控制技术的机会。中试车间的这 些实验数据对于工业装置设计的改善能提供有用的帮助

2.DesignBasedontheexperienceanddataobtained inthelaboratoryandthepilotplant,ateamoengineers is assembled to design the commercial plant. The chemical engineer's job is to specify allprocess flow rates and conditions, equipment types and sizes, materials of construction, processconfigurations, control systems, safety systems,environmental protection systems,and otherrelevantspecifications.Itisanenormousresponsibility.1.设计根据在实验室和中试车间获得的经验和数据，一组工程师集中起来设计工业化的车间。化学工程师的职责就是详细说明所有过程中的流速和条件，设备类型和尺寸，制造材料，流程构造，控制系统，环境保护系统以及其它相关技术参数。这是一个责任重大的工作。The design stage is really where the big bucks are spent. One typical chemical process mightrequire a capital investment of$50 to $100 million.That's a lot of bread! And the chemical engineeris the one who has to make many of the decisions. When you find yourself in that position you willbe glad that you studied as hard as you did (we hope) so that you can bring the best possible toolsandmindstobearontheproblems.设计阶段是大把金钱花进去的时候。一个常规的化工流程可能需要五千万到一亿美元的资金投入，有许多的事情要做。化学工程师是做出很多决定的人之一。当你身处其位时，你会对自己曾经努力学习而能运用自己的方法和智慧处理这些问题感到欣慰。The productofthedesign stage is alot of paper(1) Flow sheets are diagrams showing all the equipment schematically,with all streams labeledandthirconditonsspcified (flowratetmpraturepressurecompositoniscositydensity.)设计阶段的产物是很多图纸：（1）工艺流程图。是显示所有设备的图纸。要标出所有的流线和规定的条件（流速、温度、压力、构造、粘度、密度等）。(2) P and I (Piping and Instrumentation) Drawings are drawings showing all pieces ofequipment (including sizes, nozzle locations, and materials), all piping (including sizes, materials,and valves), all instrumentation (including locations and types of sensors, control valves, andcontrollers),and all safety systems (including safety valve and rupture disk locations and sizes, flarelines, and safe operating conditions).（2）管道及设备图。标明所有设备（包括尺寸、喷嘴位置和材料）、所有管道（包括大小、控制阀、控制器）以及所有安全系统（包括安全阀、安全膜位置和大小、火舌管、安全操作规则）。(3) Equipment specification Sheets are sheets of detailed information on all the equipmentprecise dimensions,performance criteria,materials of construction,corrosion allowances, operatingtemperatures, and pressures,maximum andminimumflowrates, and thelike.These“"spec sheets"are sent to the equipment manufacturers for price bids and then for building the equipment（3）仪器设备说明书。详细说明所有设备准确的空间尺度、操作参数、构造材料、耐腐蚀性、操作温度和压力、最大和最小流速以及诸如此类等等。这些规格说明书应交给中标的设备制造厂以进行设备生产。5

5 2. Design Based on the experience and data obtained in the laboratory and the pilot plant, a team of engineers is assembled to design the commercial plant. The chemical engineer’s job is to specify all process flow rates and conditions, equipment types and sizes, materials of construction, process configurations, control systems, safety systems, environmental protection systems, and other relevant specifications. It is an enormous responsibility. 1． 设计 根据在实验室和中试车间获得的经验和数据，一组工程师集中起来设计工业化的车间。 化学工程师的职责就是详细说明所有过程中的流速和条件，设备类型和尺寸，制造材料，流 程构造，控制系统，环境保护系统以及其它相关技术参数。这是一个责任重大的工作。 The design stage is really where the big bucks are spent. One typical chemical process might require a capital investment of $50 to $100 million. That’s a lot of bread! And the chemical engineer is the one who has to make many of the decisions. When you find yourself in that position, you will be glad that you studied as hard as you did (we hope) so that you can bring the best possible tools and minds to bear on the problems. 设计阶段是大把金钱花进去的时候。一个常规的化工流程可能需要五千万到一亿美元的 资金投入，有许多的事情要做。化学工程师是做出很多决定的人之一。当你身处其位时，你 会对自己曾经努力学习而能运用自己的方法和智慧处理这些问题感到欣慰。 The product of the design stage is a lot of paper: (1) Flow sheets are diagrams showing all the equipment schematically, with all streams labeled and their conditions specified (flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition, viscosity, density, etc.) 设计阶段的产物是很多图纸： （1）工艺流程图。是显示所有设备的图纸。要标出所有的流线和规定的条件（流速、温 度、压力、构造、粘度、密度等）。 (2) P and I (Piping and Instrumentation) Drawings are drawings showing all pieces of equipment (including sizes, nozzle locations, and materials), all piping (including sizes, materials, and valves), all instrumentation (including locations and types of sensors, control valves, and controllers), and all safety systems (including safety valve and rupture disk locations and sizes, flare lines, and safe operating conditions). （2）管道及设备图。标明所有设备（包括尺寸、喷嘴位置和材料）、所有管道（包括大 小、控制阀、控制器）以及所有安全系统（包括安全阀、安全膜位置和大小、火舌管、安全 操作规则）。 (3) Equipment specification Sheets are sheets of detailed information on all the equipment precise dimensions, performance criteria, materials of construction, corrosion allowances, operating temperatures, and pressures, maximum and minimum flow rates, and the like. These “spec sheets” are sent to the equipment manufacturers for price bids and then for building the equipment. （3）仪器设备说明书。详细说明所有设备准确的空间尺度、操作参数、构造材料、耐腐 蚀性、操作温度和压力、最大和最小流速以及诸如此类等等。这些规格说明书应交给中标的 设备制造厂以进行设备生产

重点单词短语chemicalengineer化学工程师arosebyanyothernameisstillarose万变不离其宗reactionkineticdata反应动态6

6 重点单词短语 chemical engineer 化学工程师 a rose by any other name is still a rose 万变不离其宗 reaction kinetic data 反应动态

本讲课程的小结】课程内容讲解（1～2parts）1、2、重点单词和短语讲解【本讲课程的作业】1、review(1~2parts)2、pre-reading unit3(3~6parts),especialy new technical words and sub-technical words7

7 【本讲课程的小结】 1、 课程内容讲解（1～2parts） 2、 重点单词和短语讲解 【本讲课程的作业】 1、 review（1～2parts） 2、pre-reading unit3(3～6parts)，especialy new technical words and sub-technical words synthetic dystuff 2. In 1860 , the Industrial Revolution silica and sodium carbonate bleaching powder SiO2 NaCO3 glassmakin g bleaching powder 1 .In 1800 , the Industrial Revolution cotton CaClO NaOH alkal soapmaking Gunpowder i （火 药） Cmauve oatings(苯胺漆) 紫) 3. the start of the twentieth century (1914~1933) synthetic pharmaceutical (合成药物) 5. 1960~1970) 4. 1930~1940) 6. a very diverse Since 1980 sector of manufacturing industry plays a central role for our life and production polyethylene, 聚乙烯 PE polypropylene, 聚丙烯 PP nylon, 尼龙， 聚酰胺 polyesters 聚 酯 PET epoxy resins. 环氧树脂 synthetic polymers petrochemicals Development of inorganic chemicals ammonia