《应用化学专业英语》课程授课教案（讲稿）Unit 3-2

Specialized English for appliedchemistry应用化学专业英语讲稿讲课人：张秀凤

1 Specialized English for applied chemistry 应用化学专业英语讲稿 讲课人：张秀凤

第_6讲次课程名称：《应用化学专业英语一1》摘要Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers授课题目（章、节）I课程内容讲解（3～6parts）ⅡI重点单词和短语讲解本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，对化学工程师的行例工作有所了解[重点】文章中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧【难点】句子结构分析及翻译的技巧内容1.ConstructionAfter the equipment manufacturers (vendors)have built the individual pieces of equipment,the pieces areshippedtotheplant site(sometimes achallengingjobof logistics,particularlyforlargevessels likedistillationcolumns). The construction phase is the assembling of all the components into a complete plant. It starts withdigging holes in the ground and pouring concrete for foundations for large equipment and buildings (e.g, thecontrol room,process analytical laboratory,and maintenance shops).1.建造当设备制造把设备的所有部分都做好了以后，这些东西要运到工厂所在地（有时这是后勤部门颇具挑战性的任务，尤其对象运输分馏塔这样大型的船只来说）。建造阶段要把所有的部件装配成完整的工厂，首先要做的就是在地面打洞并倾入混凝土，为大型设备及建筑物打下基础（比如控制室、流程分析实验室、维修车间)。After these initial activities, the major pieces of equipment and the steel superstructure are erected. Heatexchangers,pumps, compressors,piping instrument sensors, and automatic control valves are installed.Controlsystem wiring and tubing are run between the control room and the plant. Electrical wiring, switches, andtransformers are installed for motors to drive pumps and compressors. As the process equipment is beinginstalled, it is the chemical engineer's job to check that it is all hooked together properly and that each pieceworks correctly.完成了第一步，就开始安装设备的主要部分以及钢铁上层建筑。要装配热交换器、泵、压缩机、管道、测量元件、自动控制阀。控制系统的线路和管道连接在控制室和操作间之间。电线、开关、变换器需装备在马达上以驱动泵和压缩机。生产设备安装完毕后，化学工程师的职责就是检查它们是否连接完好，每部分是否正常工作。2

2 课程名称：《应用化学专业英语－1》 第 6 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers Ⅰ课程内容讲解（3～6parts） Ⅱ重点单词和短语讲解 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，对化学工程师的行例工作有所了解 【重 点】 文章中涉及到单词和词组，翻译的技巧 【难 点】 句子结构分析及翻译的技巧 内 容 1. Construction After the equipment manufacturers (vendors) have built the individual pieces of equipment, the pieces are shipped to the plant site (sometimes a challenging job of logistics, particularly for large vessels like distillation columns). The construction phase is the assembling of all the components into a complete plant. It starts with digging holes in the ground and pouring concrete for foundations for large equipment and buildings (e.g., the control room, process analytical laboratory, and maintenance shops). 1． 建造 当设备制造把设备的所有部分都做好了以后，这些东西要运到工厂所在地（有时这是后勤部门颇具 挑战性的任务，尤其对象运输分馏塔这样大型的船只来说）。建造阶段要把所有的部件装配成完整的工厂， 首先要做的就是在地面打洞并倾入混凝土，为大型设备及建筑物打下基础（比如控制室、流程分析实验 室、维修车间）。 After these initial activities, the major pieces of equipment and the steel superstructure are erected. Heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, piping, instrument sensors, and automatic control valves are installed. Control system wiring and tubing are run between the control room and the plant. Electrical wiring, switches, and transformers are installed for motors to drive pumps and compressors. As the process equipment is being installed, it is the chemical engineer’s job to check that it is all hooked together properly and that each piece works correctly. 完成了第一步，就开始安装设备的主要部分以及钢铁上层建筑。要装配热交换器、泵、压缩机、管 道、测量元件、自动控制阀。控制系统的线路和管道连接在控制室和操作间之间。电线、开关、变换器 需装备在马达上以驱动泵和压缩机。生产设备安装完毕后，化学工程师的职责就是检查它们是否连接完 好，每部分是否正常工作

This is usually a very exciting and rewarding time for most engineers. You are seeing yourideas being translated from paper into reality. Steel and concrete replace sketches and diagrams.Construction is the culmination of years of work by many people. You are finally on the launch pad,and theplant isgoingtoflyorfizzle!Themomentoftruth isat hand.对大部分工程师来说这通常是一个令人激动、享受成功的时候。你将看到自已的创意由图纸变为现实。钢铁和混凝土代替了示意图和表格。建筑是许多人多年辛劳的结果。你终于站到了发射台上，工厂将要起飞还是最后失败。揭晓的那一刻即将到来。Once the check-out phase is complete,“startup"begins. Startup is the initial commissioning ofthe plant. It is a time of great excitement and round-the-clock activity. It is one of the best learninggrounds for the chemical engineer. Now you find out how good your ideas and calculations reallyare. The engineers who have worked on the pilot plant and on the design are usually part of thestartupteam测试阶段一旦完成，“运转阶段”就开始了。启动是工厂的首项任务，是令人兴奋的时刻和日夜不停的工作。这是化学工程师最好的学习机会之一。现在你可以了解你的构思和计算究竞有些什么好。参与中试车间和设计工作的工程师通常也是启动队伍中的人员。The startup period can require a fewdays or a fewmoths, depending on the newness of thetechnology, the complexity of the process, and quality of the engineering that has gone into thedesign. Problems are frequently encountered that require equipment modifications. This is timeconsuming and expensive: just the lost production from a plant can amount to thousands of dollarsper day. Indeed, there have been some plants that have never operated, because of unexpectedproblemswithcontrol,corrosion,orimpurities,orbecauseofeconomicproblem启动阶段需要几天或几个月，根据设计所涉及工艺技术的新颖、流程的复杂程度以及工程的质量而定。中间经常会遇到要求设备完善的问题。这是耗时耗财的阶段：仅仅每天从车间出来的废品会高达数千美金。确实，曾经有些车间因为没有预计到的问题如控制、腐蚀、杂质或因为经济方面的问题而从来没有运转过。The engineers are usually on shift work during the startup period.There is a lot to learn in ashorttimeperiodOncetheplant hasbeen successfullyoperatedat itsratedperformance,it isturnedover to the operating ormanufacturing department for routine production of products在启动阶段，工程师们通常需轮流值班。在很短的时间里有很多的东西需要学习。一旦车间按照设定程序成功运转，它就转变为产品的常规生产或制造部门。2.ManufacturingChemical engineers occupy a central position in manufacturing. (or “operations" or"production,"as it is called in some companies). Plant technical service group are responsible forthe technical aspects of running an efficient and safe plant.They run capacity and perfomance testson the plant to determine where the bottlenecks are in the equipment, and then design modificationsandadditionstoremovethesebottlenecks2.制造化学工程师在制造阶段占据中心的位置。车间技术服务部门负责车间有效而安全地运转的技术方面。他们进行生产量和性能测试以找出设备的瓶颈在哪，然后设计一些修正或附加的东西以解决这些瓶颈。3

3 This is usually a very exciting and rewarding time for most engineers. You are seeing your ideas being translated from paper into reality. Steel and concrete replace sketches and diagrams. Construction is the culmination of years of work by many people. You are finally on the launch pad, and the plant is going to fly or fizzle! The moment of truth is at hand. 对大部分工程师来说这通常是一个令人激动、享受成功的时候。你将看到自己的创意由 图纸变为现实。钢铁和混凝土代替了示意图和表格。建筑是许多人多年辛劳的结果。你终于 站到了发射台上，工厂将要起飞还是最后失败。揭晓的那一刻即将到来。 Once the check-out phase is complete, “startup” begins. Startup is the initial commissioning of the plant. It is a time of great excitement and round-the-clock activity. It is one of the best learning grounds for the chemical engineer. Now you find out how good your ideas and calculations really are. The engineers who have worked on the pilot plant and on the design are usually part of the startup team. 测试阶段一旦完成，“运转阶段”就开始了。启动是工厂的首项任务，是令人兴奋的时刻 和日夜不停的工作。这是化学工程师最好的学习机会之一。现在你可以了解你的构思和计算 究竟有些什么好。参与中试车间和设计工作的工程师通常也是启动队伍中的人员。 The startup period can require a few days or a few moths, depending on the newness of the technology, the complexity of the process, and quality of the engineering that has gone into the design. Problems are frequently encountered that require equipment modifications. This is time consuming and expensive: just the lost production from a plant can amount to thousands of dollars per day. Indeed, there have been some plants that have never operated, because of unexpected problems with control, corrosion, or impurities, or because of economic problem. 启动阶段需要几天或几个月，根据设计所涉及工艺技术的新颖、流程的复杂程度以及工 程的质量而定。中间经常会遇到要求设备完善的问题。这是耗时耗财的阶段：仅仅每天从车 间出来的废品会高达数千美金。确实，曾经有些车间因为没有预计到的问题如控制、腐蚀、 杂质或因为经济方面的问题而从来没有运转过。 The engineers are usually on shift work during the startup period. There is a lot to learn in a short time period. Once the plant has been successfully operated at its rated performance, it is turned over to the operating or manufacturing department for routine production of products. 在启动阶段，工程师们通常需轮流值班。在很短的时间里有很多的东西需要学习。一旦 车间按照设定程序成功运转，它就转变为产品的常规生产或制造部门。 2. Manufacturing Chemical engineers occupy a central position in manufacturing. (or “operations” or “production,” as it is called in some companies). Plant technical service group are responsible for the technical aspects of running an efficient and safe plant. They run capacity and performance tests on the plant to determine where the bottlenecks are in the equipment, and then design modifications and additions to remove these bottlenecks. 2． 制造 化学工程师在制造阶段占据中心的位置。车间技术服务部门负责车间有效而安全地运转 的技术方面。他们进行生产量和性能测试以找出设备的瓶颈在哪，然后设计一些修正或附加 的东西以解决这些瓶颈

Chemical engineers study ways to reduce operating costs by saving energy, cutting rawmaterial consumption, and reducing production of off-specification products that requirereprocessing.They study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution ofbothairandwater化学工程师研究一些方法节省能源，降低原材料消耗、减少不合要求的需进行处理的产品的生产，以降低生产成本。他们还研究一些提高产品质量、减少空气和水中环境污染的措施。In addition to serving in plant technical service, many engineers have jobs as operatingsupervisors. These supervisors are responsible for all aspects of the day-to-day operation of theplant, including supervising the plant operators who run the plant round the clock on a three-shiftbasis, meeting quality specifications, delivering products at agreed-upon times and in agreed-uponquantities,developingand maintaining inventories ofequipment spare parts,keepingtheplantwellmaintained,making sure safe practices are followed, avoiding excessive emissions into the localenvironment, and serving as spokespersons for the plant to the local community.除了提供技术服务外，许多工程师还负责生产监督。这些监督保证工厂日常生产的各个方面正常进行。包括管理换班工作的操作工，满足质量要求，按期按量发出产品，生产并保持设备备件的存储量，为车间设备维修，保证安全规则被遵守，避免过多排出废物污染环境，并且做工厂对当地社会的代言人。3.Technical salesManychemical engineersfind stimulatingand profitablecareers intechnical sales.As withother salespositions,thework involvescalling oncustomers,makingrecommendationsonparticular products to fll customer's needs, and being sure that orders are handled smoothly. Thesales engineer isthecompany'srepresentativeandmustknowthecompany'sproduct linewell.Thesales engineer's ability to sell can greatly affect the progress and profitability of the company3.技术销售许多化学工程师发现在技术销售中充满了刺激性的、有利可图的机会。与其它的销售业务一样，这项业务包括拜访客户，推荐一些特别的商品以满足客户的需要，并确保订单能顺利完成。销售工程师是公司的代表，必须十分清楚公司的产品生产情况。销售工程师的销售能力极大地影响公司的发展和利润。The marketing of many chemicals requires a considerable amount of interaction betweenengineers in the company producing the chemical and engineers in the company using the chemical.This interaction can take the form of advising on how to use a chemical or developing a newchemicalinordertosolveaspecificproblemofacustomer许多化工产品的市场开发需要制造化工产品公司的工程师与使用化工产品公司的工程师密切合作。这种合作所采取的方式可以是对如何使用一种化学产品提出建议，或者是生产出种新的化学产品以解决客户的某个特殊的困难。4

4 Chemical engineers study ways to reduce operating costs by saving energy, cutting raw material consumption, and reducing production of off-specification products that require reprocessing. They study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution of both air and water. 化学工程师研究一些方法节省能源，降低原材料消耗、减少不合要求的需进行处理的产 品的生产，以降低生产成本。他们还研究一些提高产品质量、减少空气和水中环境污染的措 施。 In addition to serving in plant technical service, many engineers have jobs as operating supervisors. These supervisors are responsible for all aspects of the day-to-day operation of the plant, including supervising the plant operators who run the plant round the clock on a three-shift basis, meeting quality specifications, delivering products at agreed-upon times and in agreed-upon quantities, developing and maintaining inventories of equipment spare parts, keeping the plant well maintained, making sure safe practices are followed, avoiding excessive emissions into the local environment, and serving as spokespersons for the plant to the local community. 除了提供技术服务外，许多工程师还负责生产监督。这些监督保证工厂日常生产的各个 方面正常进行。包括管理换班工作的操作工，满足质量要求，按期按量发出产品，生产并保 持设备备件的存储量，为车间设备维修，保证安全规则被遵守，避免过多排出废物污染环境， 并且做工厂对当地社会的代言人。 3. Technical sales Many chemical engineers find stimulating and profitable careers in technical sales. As with other sales positions, the work involves calling on customers, making recommendations on particular products to fill customer’s needs, and being sure that orders are handled smoothly. The sales engineer is the company’s representative and must know the company’s product line well. The sales engineer’s ability to sell can greatly affect the progress and profitability of the company. 3． 技术销售 许多化学工程师发现在技术销售中充满了刺激性的、有利可图的机会。与其它的销售业 务一样，这项业务包括拜访客户，推荐一些特别的商品以满足客户的需要，并确保订单能顺 利完成。销售工程师是公司的代表，必须十分清楚公司的产品生产情况。销售工程师的销售 能力极大地影响公司的发展和利润。 The marketing of many chemicals requires a considerable amount of interaction between engineers in the company producing the chemical and engineers in the company using the chemical. This interaction can take the form of advising on how to use a chemical or developing a new chemical in order to solve a specific problem of a customer. 许多化工产品的市场开发需要制造化工产品公司的工程师与使用化工产品公司的工程师 密切合作。这种合作所采取的方式可以是对如何使用一种化学产品提出建议，或者是生产出 一种新的化学产品以解决客户的某个特殊的困难

When the sales engineer discovers problems that cannot be handled with confidence,he or shemust be ableto call on the expertise of specialists.The sales engineer may sometimes have tomanage a joint effort among researchers from several companies who are working together to solvea problem当销售工程师碰到他自己没有把握解决的问题时，他或她必须要请教专家。有时销售工程师还需组织来自不同公司的研究人员共同努力来解决某个问题。4.ResearchChemical engineers are engaged in many types of research. They work with the chemist indeveloping new or improved products. They develop new and improved engineering methods (e.g,better computer programs to simulate chemical processes, better laboratory analysis methods forcharacterizing chemicals, and new types of reactors ad separation systems).They work on improvedsensors for on-line physical property measurements.They study alternative process configurationsand equipment4.研究化学工程师能从事多种类型的研究工作。他们与化学家联合开发新的或革新的产品。他们探索新的和改良的工程技术（比如更好的计算机程序以模拟化工工艺，更好的实验室分析方法分析有代表性的化学产品，新型的反应和分离系统。）他们研究改进的传感器以进行物理性质的在线检测，他们还研究单个流程结构和设备。Research engineers are likely to be found in laboratories or at desks working on problems.They usually work as members of a team of scientists and engineers. Knowledge of the process andcommon types of process equipment helpsthe chemical engineermake special contributions to theresearch effort.Thechemical engineer'sdailyactivitiesmaysometimescloselyresemblethoseofthechemistorphysicistworkingonthesameteam研究工程师可能是在实验室或办公桌前钻研难题。他们通常是一组科学家或工程师中的一员。了解生产流程以及通常流程所使用的设备使化学工程师能在研究工作中做出突出的贡献。化学工程师的日常工作有时颇似那些化学家和物理学家。重点单词短语heatexchanger热交换器flowsheet工艺流程图，程序方框图round-the-clock连续一整天或一昼夜5

5 When the sales engineer discovers problems that cannot be handled with confidence, he or she must be able to call on the expertise of specialists. The sales engineer may sometimes have to manage a joint effort among researchers from several companies who are working together to solve a problem. 当销售工程师碰到他自己没有把握解决的问题时，他或她必须要请教专家。有时销售工 程师还需组织来自不同公司的研究人员共同努力来解决某个问题。 4. Research Chemical engineers are engaged in many types of research. They work with the chemist in developing new or improved products. They develop new and improved engineering methods (e.g., better computer programs to simulate chemical processes, better laboratory analysis methods for characterizing chemicals, and new types of reactors ad separation systems). They work on improved sensors for on-line physical property measurements. They study alternative process configurations and equipment. 4． 研究 化学工程师能从事多种类型的研究工作。他们与化学家联合开发新的或革新的产品。他 们探索新的和改良的工程技术（比如更好的计算机程序以模拟化工工艺，更好的实验室分析 方法分析有代表性的化学产品，新型的反应和分离系统。）他们研究改进的传感器以进行物理 性质的在线检测，他们还研究单个流程结构和设备。 Research engineers are likely to be found in laboratories or at desks working on problems. They usually work as members of a team of scientists and engineers. Knowledge of the process and common types of process equipment helps the chemical engineer make special contributions to the research effort. The chemical engineer’s daily activities may sometimes closely resemble those of the chemist or physicist working on the same team. 研究工程师可能是在实验室或办公桌前钻研难题。他们通常是一组科学家或工程师中的 一员。了解生产流程以及通常流程所使用的设备使化学工程师能在研究工作中做出突出的贡 献。化学工程师的日常工作有时颇似那些化学家和物理学家。 重点单词短语 heat exchanger 热交换器 flow sheet 工艺流程图，程序方框图 round-the-clock 连续一整天或一昼夜

本讲课程的小结】课程内容讲解（3～6parts）1、2、重点单词和短语讲解【本讲课程的作业】1、review(3~6parts)2、pre-reading unit4(1~2parts),especialy new technical words and sub-technical words6

6 【本讲课程的小结】 1、 课程内容讲解（3～6parts） 2、 重点单词和短语讲解 【本讲课程的作业】 1、 review（3～6parts） 2、pre-reading unit4(1～2parts)，especialy new technical words and sub-technical words synthetic dystuff 2. In 1860 , the Industrial Revolution silica and sodium carbonate bleaching powder SiO2 NaCO3 glassmakin g bleaching powder 1 .In 1800 , the Industrial Revolution cotton CaClO NaOH alkal soapmaking Gunpowder i （火 药） Cmauve oatings(苯胺漆) 紫) 3. the start of the twentieth century (1914~1933) synthetic pharmaceutical (合成药物) 5. 1960~1970) 4. 1930~1940) 6. a very diverse Since 1980 sector of manufacturing industry plays a central role for our life and production polyethylene, 聚乙烯 PE polypropylene, 聚丙烯 PP nylon, 尼龙， 聚酰胺 polyesters 聚 酯 PET epoxy resins. 环氧树脂 synthetic polymers petrochemicals Development of inorganic chemicals ammonia