《供应链系统设计与管理》课程教学资源（案例）1.1（b）WalMart SCM

Business ModelsThe WalMartModelMortgage lenderscould learn a lotfromthekingofretail efficiency-Wal-Mart.BY DAINEHRINGe view Wal-Mart as the best supplychain supply-chain operator of all time. Efficiency is a key factor in maintain-ing Wal-Mart's low-price leadership among retailers. Their margins can be farlower than other retailersbecause they have such an efficient supply chain.The company's cost of goods is 5 percent to 1o percent less than that of mostof its competitors, says Pete Abell, retail research director for AMR ResearchInc.,Boston.★Turnaboutisfairplay.WithBentonville,Arkansas-based Wal-Mart Stores Inc.petitioningtheFederal Deposit InsuranceCorporation (FDIC)to get into the banking business, it's only fair that banks take a few lessonsfrom the world's largest retailer as they seek to manage costs and attract busi-ness in today'smortgagelending marketplace.★Wal-Martbecame the“bestsupply-chain operator of all time"by following two fundamental strategies.First, it leverages its scale in multiple ways to create operational efficienciesthat drive significant competitive advantage. Second, and less obviously,ituses its scale to create additional competitive advantagethrough best execu-Thefirstfactoristhekindofpuretionandsupply-chaininvestments.★power play that banks understand well. Scale leads to bigger stores that havemore products and thus become more of a shopping destination-more akinto a mall than a store that offers a narrower, more focused selection.MORTGAGEBANKING/OCTOBER2006

M O RTGAGE BANKING / O C TO B E R 2 0 0 6 B u si n e ss M o d e ls Mortgage lenders could learn a lot from the king of retail efficiency— Wal-Mart. “We view Wal-Mart as the best supply- chain supply-chain operator of all time. Efficiency is a key factor in maintain￾ing Wal-Mart’s low-price leadership among retailers. Their margins can be far lower than other retailers’ because they have such an efficient supply chain. The company’s cost of goods is 5 percent to 10 percent less than that of most of its competitors,” says Pete Abell, retail research director for AMR Research Inc., Boston. ★ Turnabout is fair play. With Bentonville, Arkansas–based Wal￾Mart Stores Inc. petitioning the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to get into the banking business, it’s only fair that banks take a few lessons from the world’s largest retailer as they seek to manage costs and attract busi￾ness in today’s mortgage lending marketplace. ★ Wal-Mart became the “best supply-chain operator of all time” by following two fundamental strategies. First, it leverages its scale in multiple ways to create operational efficiencies that drive significant competitive advantage. Second, and less obviously, it uses its scale to create additional competitive advantage through best execu￾tion and supply-chain investments. ★ The first factor is the kind of pure power play that banks understand well. Scale leads to bigger stores that have more products and thus become more of a shopping destination—more akin to a mall than a store that offers a narrower, more focused selection. TheWal★Mart Model BY DAIN EHRING

Wal-Mart's overhead costs are distributed across a bigger foot-Should a lender centralize processing for Federal HousingAdministration (FHA)and Department of Veterans Affairsprint, allowing it to price more aggressively while maintaininggood net margins. Scale gives a company a negotiating advan-(VA) loans, or train every processing group to handle all prod-uct lines? Is it worth the investment to automate a functiontage with suppliers, which supports aggressive pricing strate-that happens manually on 1 percent of the bank's mortgagegies. Wal-Mart's leverage creates a snowball effect in whichlendingtransactions? Are products that haveunique processesincreasingpurchasevolumeleadstomore selectionand lowerprices for customers, leading to more purchase volume.driven by state-level regulation profitable at the given volumes?In thelending industry,scaleallowsfor more sales channelsAsk most lenders howmuchit costs tofulfill a loan,and(loan officers, call center, wholesale,correspondent, joint venthey take their total known costs and divide them by thetures and so on) and a greater variety of product offeringsnumberof loans.When Wal-Martgets into lending,it will(prime, alternative-A, subprime, home-equity lines of credit,know how much it costs to do initial underwriting ofcash-outrefis in OrangeCounty,California,and,more important, it wilconstruction, etc.).Large lenders are able to distribute fixedinvestment costs over larger transaction volumes,and, in theknowthat itwill cost 3.5percentless nextyear.In a lesson learned from U.S.efficiency expert W. Edwardsory, scale should also drive operational cost advantages.Yetmost struggle to realizetheirpotential economies of scaleDeming and applied with devastating effectiveness by lead-because of the inherent limi-ing Japanese manufacturers, Wal-Mart focuses on continuoustationsof legacyprocessesincremental improvement,driving outcostsafewpenniesand technological infrastruc-at a time over an extended period. In lending,this may be asWal-Mart wouldtures (or lack thereof)simple as replacing afax with a document delivered electron-Whether it is brittle legacyically.In and of itself,the savings in time and money is bare-never roll out ainfrastructure due to priorly perceptible; but multiply itby millions of transactions,new product withoutmerger-and-aqusition (M&A)and pretty soon you're talking about real money. The Japan-activity,outdated point-of-saleese didn't design in efficiency with one big systems release;understanding how it(POS)andloanoriginationsys-they designed a continually improving process and focusedwill impact coststems (LOSes), or lingeringon executing the process over time.Measure,adjust, repeat.channel and organizationalthroughout theAn adjunct to this is profitability-driven behavior. Is theconflict, many lenders are actu-new product youwantto introducegoingto driveprofits inorganization.ally burdened by their size.linewith your businessplan? How can youknow,if you don'tThe ironyis that develophave a good picture of what it will cost to originate? Banksing a unified POS system formay launch a new loan program without a good idea of whata full range of products and channels isn't any more expensiveit will cost.Wal-Mart would never roll outa newproductfor a megalender than it is for a midsized lender, althoughwithout understanding how it will impact costs throughoutpotential return on investment could be greater by orders ofthe organization.magnitude.Far from being burdened by its size, Wal-Mart has put sysThe supplier-retailer relationshipWal-Mart is notorious for leaning on its suppliers to drivetems and processes in place that have enabled it to take itsscale advantages to the next level to achieve unprecedenteddown prices, but this process is not just about saving money.success.This is the second factor-the one to which lendersSimply shifting execution costs to a supplier will not driveshould pay attention.the long-term improvements in banking that the big retailergets. One of the most forward-thinking behaviors at Wal-MartMortgage lending as a manufacturing processis its willingness to invest proprietary knowledge andFor the lender, the supply chain reaches from lead generationprocesses into its supplier base to improve quality and driveand thepoint of saletofulfillment and the sale of loans in thecosts out of thebusinesssecondary market. If the activities that take place at the POSA well-documented example is the relationship between Thedon't integratewith fulfillment,workflow efficiencyis lostProcter& Gamble Co.(P&G),Cincinnati,and Wal-Mart (as out-(and service suffers).If workflowdoes not involve supplierslined in the report,Supply-Chain Integration Through Informa-systemically, an opportunity to improve efficiency is wasted.tion Sharing: Channel Partnership Between Wal-Mart and PGGWal-Mart excels at business process efficiency. It is specifi-by The Procter & Gamble Distributing Co.and the Universitycally acknowledged for innovation in the supply-chain arena,of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). It warrants a closer look.which shares manyprocess concepts with manufacturingP&G and Wal-Mart didn't start outworking well togetherA study by New York-based McKinsey&Company deterIn fact, Wal-Mart considered P&Gone of its worst suppliersmined that Wal-Mart was singularly responsible for about 12The relationship was both adversarial and tactically orientedpercent of all productivity gains during the last half of theP&G's organization and processes were far too complicated199os.This is an utterlyastounding statistic,giventhemassiveforWal-Mart's efficiency-oriented culture.P&G operationssize of the U.S. economy. Wal-Mart has achieved these gainsfocused on delivering day-to-day results—strategic planningusing what is analogous to activity-based cost modeling.was not part of its account plan.In addition,P&G didn't leverBankers often do not have sufficient information abouta par-age systems that could support a relationship as large andticular product or process to manage its cost.Wal-Martbroad as was warranted by a distribution giant like Wal-Mart.does-tothefractionofapenny.Thekeys to transforming their relationship and unlockingMORTGAGEBANKING /OCTOBER2006

Wal-Mart’s overhead costs are distributed across a bigger foot￾print, allowing it to price more aggressively while maintaining good net margins. Scale gives a company a negotiating advan￾tage with suppliers, which supports aggressive pricing strate￾gies. Wal-Mart’s leverage creates a snowball effect in which increasing purchase volume leads to more selection and lower prices for customers, leading to more purchase volume. In the lending industry, scale allows for more sales channels (loan officers, call center, wholesale, correspondent, joint ven￾tures and so on) and a greater variety of product offerings (prime, alternative-A, subprime, home-equity lines of credit, construction, etc.). Large lenders are able to distribute fixed investment costs over larger transaction volumes, and, in the￾ory, scale should also drive operational cost advantages. Yet most struggle to realize their potential economies of scale because of the inherent limi￾tations of legacy processes and technological infrastruc￾tures (or lack thereof). Whether it is brittle legacy infrastructure due to prior merger-and-aqusition (M&A) activity, outdated point-of-sale (POS) and loan origination sys￾tems (LOSes), or lingering channel and organizational conflict, many lenders are actu￾ally burdened by their size. The irony is that develop￾ing a unified POS system for a full range of products and channels isn’t any more expensive for a megalender than it is for a midsized lender, although potential return on investment could be greater by orders of magnitude. Far from being burdened by its size, Wal-Mart has put sys￾tems and processes in place that have enabled it to take its scale advantages to the next level to achieve unprecedented success. This is the second factor—the one to which lenders should pay attention. Mortgage lending as a manufacturing process For the lender, the supply chain reaches from lead generation and the point of sale to fulfillment and the sale of loans in the secondary market. If the activities that take place at the POS don’t integrate with fulfillment, workflow efficiency is lost (and service suffers). If workflow does not involve suppliers systemically, an opportunity to improve efficiency is wasted. Wal-Mart excels at business process efficiency. It is specifi￾cally acknowledged for innovation in the supply-chain arena, which shares many process concepts with manufacturing. A study by New York–based McKinsey & Company deter￾mined that Wal-Mart was singularly responsible for about 12 percent of all productivity gains during the last half of the 1990s. This is an utterly astounding statistic, given the massive size of the U.S. economy. Wal-Mart has achieved these gains using what is analogous to activity-based cost modeling. Bankers often do not have sufficient information about a par￾ticular product or process to manage its cost. Wal-Mart does—to the fraction of a penny. Should a lender centralize processing for Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) loans, or train every processing group to handle all prod￾uct lines? Is it worth the investment to automate a function that happens manually on 1 percent of the bank’s mortgage lending transactions? Are products that have unique processes driven by state-level regulation profitable at the given volumes? Ask most lenders how much it costs to fulfill a loan, and they take their total known costs and divide them by the number of loans. When Wal-Mart gets into lending, it will know how much it costs to do initial underwriting of cash-out refis in Orange County, California, and, more important, it will know that it will cost 3.5 percent less next year. In a lesson learned from U.S. efficiency expert W. Edwards Deming and applied with devastating effectiveness by lead￾ing Japanese manufacturers, Wal-Mart focuses on continuous incremental improvement, driving out costs a few pennies at a time over an extended period. In lending, this may be as simple as replacing a fax with a document delivered electron￾ically. In and of itself, the savings in time and money is bare￾ly perceptible; but multiply it by millions of transactions, and pretty soon you’re talking about real money. The Japan￾ese didn’t design in efficiency with one big systems release; they designed a continually improving process and focused on executing the process over time. Measure, adjust, repeat. An adjunct to this is profitability-driven behavior. Is the new product you want to introduce going to drive profits in line with your business plan? How can you know, if you don’t have a good picture of what it will cost to originate? Banks may launch a new loan program without a good idea of what it will cost. Wal-Mart would never roll out a new product without understanding how it will impact costs throughout the organization. The supplier-retailer relationship Wal-Mart is notorious for leaning on its suppliers to drive down prices, but this process is not just about saving money. Simply shifting execution costs to a supplier will not drive the long-term improvements in banking that the big retailer gets. One of the most forward-thinking behaviors at Wal-Mart is its willingness to invest proprietary knowledge and processes into its supplier base to improve quality and drive costs out of the business. A well-documented example is the relationship between The Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G), Cincinnati, and Wal-Mart (as out￾lined in the report, Supply-Chain Integration Through Informa￾tion Sharing: Channel Partnership Between Wal-Mart and P&G, by The Procter & Gamble Distributing Co. and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). It warrants a closer look. P&G and Wal-Mart didn’t start out working well together. In fact, Wal-Mart considered P&G one of its worst suppliers. The relationship was both adversarial and tactically oriented. P&G’s organization and processes were far too complicated for Wal-Mart’s efficiency-oriented culture. P&G operations focused on delivering day-to-day results—strategic planning was not part of its account plan. In addition, P&G didn’t lever￾age systems that could support a relationship as large and broad as was warranted by a distribution giant like Wal-Mart. The keys to transforming their relationship and unlocking M O RTGAGE BANKING / O C TO B E R 2 0 0 6 Wal-Mart would never roll out a new product without understanding how it will impact costs throughout the organization

value on both sides were first to recognize the opportuni-process partners, but be willing to take responsibility for thety,and second, to begin theprocess of enabling interoper-economic success of the vendors you ultimately select.ation between the companies'systems.Research in inter-Ability to adaptoperational information systems has identifiedthreeA business'willingness to be flexible and adapt quickly todistinct levels:transactional, operational and strategic.Overtime,theP&G/Wal-Martrelationship evolvedshifts in business conditions (a drop-off in originations,orthethroughall three phases and has yielded tremendous value sudden popularity of a new product such as fixed-rate, inter-to both companies.est-onlyloans)is ineffectual unless itsinfrastructure canallowTheir mutual business has grown more than tenfold sincechangeto be implemented quickly and with minimal cost1988,withincreasingprofitabilityforboth.ThecompaniesWal-Mart invests in process technology with this in mind,even went so far as to develop a joint mission statement:"Theand lenders should, too.Wal-Mart makes technology investments that are informedmission of theWal-Mart/P&G business team is to achieve theby a holistic strategy emphasizing the integration of businesslong-termbusiness objectives ofboth companiesbybuildingatotalsystempartnershipthatleadsourrespectivecompaniesandprocesses across all facets of execution. Absent the ability toindustriestobetterserveourmutualcustomer-theconsumerexecute,notions like cost-based modeling and continuousSome key successes result-improvementare just so much business-school jargon.Imple-ing from their joint opera-mentation requires investing in a platform and point technolo-tions were:gies that can continuously adapt. Wal-Mart has done this inWal-Mart makesImproved billing effi-retailing, and now stands poised to bring that same approachciency, going from 15 per-to banking.technology investmentsAs a distributor, Wal-Mart must be effective at managingcent to 95 percent accuracy.that are informed byInaccurate invoices had beendemand.Planning andresponding to demand are a religion atWal-Mart. During busy shopping seasons, Wal-Mart sales andcostingthe companies s5oa holistic strategyoperational executives meet daily to review performance dataper invoice.emphasizing theIntegration of Posfrom the previous day. They actually collect, aggregate andinformation (actual demand)integration of businessanalyzesales data from acrosstheirmassivenetwork offrom Wal-Mart systems withstores in less than 12 hours.processes across allP&G's consumer data on whyThe outcomes of these meetings are immediate adjust-facets of execution.products were selling, trendsments in pricing and product strategy. Their unified point-ofsale and supply-chain systems allow them to quickly react-and analysis.These com-bined data were unique innottoexpected market swings,butto actual customerandthe market, and provided insights that allowed bothoperational data.improved retailingand product-developmentdecisions.Formostlenders,corepricingforproducts is done inthebackP&G reduced product-ordering times by three to fouroffice, and demand-level pricing is done in thefront office viadays using cross-company systems integration-the so-calledmarketing subsidies and the like.There is virtually no visibilitycontinuous replenishment process (CRP).of the front-office pipeline in the back office. In most cases, theWhat is most interesting about this example is that botfirsttimethebackofficeseesaloaniswhenitislockedNear-real-time, demand-based pricing is uncommon incompanies made investments in joint activities to increaseprofits.This kind of successis impossible in an adversarialtoday's lending operations. But what a tremendous competi-vendor/buyer relationship in which suppliers are treated astive advantage it can be.Product-flow efficiency can increasedisposablecommodities.profitability in a number of areas: sales expense, productThe impact that technology had on their success was criti-margin, operations and hedging.cal, but was secondary to that of aligning strategic vision andBecause its vendors are integrated into its systems and haveoperating procedures, and of building trust. As a result, theaccess to some ofthe same data,Wal-Mart's decisions to pushtechnologies that were put in place were able to have a faroneproductorpull back onanotheraretransparenttothevendor. This transparency drives operational efficiency for thegreater impact on efficiencythan they would have if the rela-tionship had been less complementary.vendor/supplier, and gives Wal-Mart great leverage duringThe lessons here? Make volume commitments that war-vendor negotiations.Consider the possibilities of having this sort of relation-rant investment by both parties. Create transparency on bothsides.Because no company can invest in an unlimited set ofship with your credit providers, title providers, appraisers andrelationships,narrow the supplier base.others.They can know and anticipate fluctuations inyour vol-In lending, now that service-oriented architectures (SOAs)ume and react with improved service-level agreements (SLAs),andMISMO?arebecomingmorewidelyadopted,thebarriersdifferentiated pricing or entirely new products.In lending,onto entry and exit for partner relationships are greatly lowered.demand and network-basedPOS and LOSplatformsaremak-The risk of obtaining all of your services from one providering this kind of lender/vendor transparency a reality.goesdowndramatically becausethe providerknows it mustWal-Mart's movetoward radio frequencyidentification(RFID) is big news these days. (RFID involves small trackingmaintain its service levels or risk being replaced, quickly andcheaply.chips that essentially offer the same functionality as bar codes,Finally,negotiate aggressively with your mortgage lendingbut use wireless readers.)It originally perfected the use of barMORTGAGEBANKING/OCTOBER2006

value on both sides were first to recognize the opportuni￾ty, and second, to begin the process of enabling interoper￾ation between the companies’ systems. Research in inter￾operational information systems has identified three distinct levels: transactional, operational and strategic. Ove r time , the P&G/Wa l-Ma rt r e l a tionship evolved through all three phases and has yielded tremendous value to both companies. Their mutual business has grown more than tenfold since 1988, with increasing profitability for both. The companies even went so far as to develop a joint mission statement: “The mission of the Wal-Mart/P&G business team is to achieve the long-term business objectives of both companies by building a total system partnership that leads our respective companies and industries to better serve our mutual customer—the consumer.” Some key successes result￾ing from their joint opera￾tions were: ■ Improved billing effi￾ciency, going from 15 per￾cent to 95 percent accuracy. Inaccurate invoices had been costing the companies $50 per invoice. ■ Integration of POS information (actual demand) from Wal-Mart systems with P&G’s consumer data on why products were selling, trends and analysis. These com￾bined data were unique in the market, and provided insights that allowed both improved retailing and product-development decisions. ■ P&G reduced product-ordering times by three to four days using cross-company systems integration—the so-called continuous replenishment process (CRP). What is most interesting about this example is that both companies made investments in joint activities to increase profits. This kind of success is impossible in an adversarial vendor/buyer relationship in which suppliers are treated as disposable commodities. The impact that technology had on their success was criti￾cal, but was secondary to that of aligning strategic vision and operating procedures, and of building trust. As a result, the technologies that were put in place were able to have a far greater impact on efficiency than they would have if the rela￾tionship had been less complementary. The lessons here? Make volume commitments that war￾rant investment by both parties. Create transparency on both sides. Because no company can invest in an unlimited set of relationships, narrow the supplier base. In lending, now that service-oriented architectures (SOAs) and MISMO® are becoming more widely adopted, the barriers to entry and exit for partner relationships are greatly lowered. The risk of obtaining all of your services from one provider goes down dramatically because the provider knows it must maintain its service levels or risk being replaced, quickly and cheaply. Finally, negotiate aggressively with your mortgage lending process partners, but be willing to take responsibility for the economic success of the vendors you ultimately select. Ability to adapt A business’ willingness to be flexible and adapt quickly to shifts in business conditions (a drop-off in originations, or the sudden popularity of a new product such as fixed-rate, inter￾est-only loans) is ineffectual unless its infrastructure can allow change to be implemented quickly and with minimal cost. Wal-Mart invests in process technology with this in mind, and lenders should, too. Wal-Mart makes technology investments that are informed by a holistic strategy emphasizing the integration of business processes across all facets of execution. Absent the ability to execute, notions like cost-based modeling and continuous improvement are just so much business-school jargon. Imple￾mentation requires investing in a platform and point technolo￾gies that can continuously adapt. Wal-Mart has done this in retailing, and now stands poised to bring that same approach to banking. As a distributor, Wal-Mart must be effective at managing demand. Planning and responding to demand are a religion at Wal-Mart. During busy shopping seasons, Wal-Mart sales and operational executives meet daily to review performance data from the previous day. They actually collect, aggregate and analyze sales data from across their massive network of stores in less than 12 hours. The outcomes of these meetings are immediate adjust￾ments in pricing and product strategy. Their unified point-of￾sale and supply-chain systems allow them to quickly react— not to expected market swings, but to actual customer and operational data. For most lenders, core pricing for products is done in the back office, and demand-level pricing is done in the front office via marketing subsidies and the like. There is virtually no visibility of the front-office pipeline in the back office. In most cases, the first time the back office sees a loan is when it is locked. Near-real-time, demand-based pricing is uncommon in today’s lending operations. But what a tremendous competi￾tive advantage it can be. Product-flow efficiency can increase profitability in a number of areas: sales expense, product margin, operations and hedging. Because its vendors are integrated into its systems and have access to some of the same data, Wal-Mart’s decisions to push one product or pull back on another are transparent to the vendor. This transparency drives operational efficiency for the vendor/supplier, and gives Wal-Mart great leverage during vendor negotiations. Consider the possibilities of having this sort of relation￾ship with your credit providers, title providers, appraisers and others. They can know and anticipate fluctuations in your vol￾ume and react with improved service-level agreements (SLAs), differentiated pricing or entirely new products. In lending, on￾demand and network-based POS and LOS platforms are mak￾ing this kind of lender/vendor transparency a reality. Wal-Mart’s move toward radio frequency identification (RFID) is big news these days. (RFID involves small tracking chips that essentially offer the same functionality as bar codes, but use wireless readers.) It originally perfected the use of bar M O RTGAGE BANKING / O C TO B E R 2 0 0 6 Wal-Mart makes technology investments that are informed by a holistic strategy emphasizing the integration of business processes across all facets of execution

codes to gather sales data. Wal-Mart isnow requiring its top1oo vendors to useRFID technology. It expects to save morethan s8 billion using RFID technology.Wal-Mart uses those savings to drivedown prices, increase market share andscale,and continueto compound itsoperational advantagesWe have seen movement over the pastcouple of years toward eliminating muchof the paper in the lending process. (I'malways amused when I answer securityrelated questions about our software,andthen walk through the lender's buildingwith stacks and stacks of mortgage docu-ments lying out on every available flat sur-face.) Technologies like bar coding, imag-ing systems and data capture all havewell-documented benefits.The data stan-dards coming out of MISMO are only atthe earliest stages of yielding real benefit.However, it is difficult to yield maximumvalue from these technologies when theoverarching processes are managed dis-jointedly across islands of functionality.Every major lender has invested heav-ily in an enterprise-level imaging plat-form. However, in many cases these sys-REPRINTEDWITHPERMISSIONFROMTHEtems are only deployed at the end of theirprocess—after the loan is closed-simplyMORTGAGEBANKERSASSOCIATION(MBA)because the systems at the POS or fulfill-ment stage are not capable of integratingeffectivelywith outside systems.In thesecases, documents and the associated dataare rarely in the same system. Conse-quently,muchof thevalueof the imagingsystem is not being realized.Howmuchtime is lost in yourlend-ingprocess simplybymovingdocu-ments among the originator, the proces-sor and the underwriter, and then on toshipping? The opportunity cost associat-ed with perpetuating theseinefficien-cies is rivaled only by the actual cost ofdoing business this way.Wal-Mart does something I see rarelyin lending—it develops and managesprocesses and systems together.Systemsdon't drive processes. And inefficientlegacy processes aren't allowed to surviveand be re-implemented in new systems.Wal-Mart is the ultimate agile operationIts scale allows it to constantlyinvest,driv-ing incremental cost of out the system.Dr.Deming would be proud. MBDain Ehring is chief executive officer of DoradoCorporation, San Mateo, California. He can bereached at dehring@dorado.comMORTGAGEBANKING/OCTOBER2006

codes to gather sales data. Wal-Mart is now requiring its top 100 vendors to use RFID technology. It expects to save more than $8 billion using RFID technology. Wal-Mart uses those savings to drive down prices, increase market share and scale, and continue to compound its operational advantages. We have seen movement over the past couple of years toward eliminating much of the paper in the lending process. (I’m always amused when I answer security￾related questions about our software, and then walk through the lender’s building with stacks and stacks of mortgage docu￾ments lying out on every available flat sur￾face.) Technologies like bar coding, imag￾ing systems and data capture all have well-documented benefits. The data stan￾dards coming out of MISMO are only at the earliest stages of yielding real benefit. However, it is difficult to yield maximum value from these technologies when the overarching processes are managed dis￾jointedly across islands of functionality. Every major lender has invested heav￾ily in an enterprise-level imaging plat￾form. However, in many cases these sys￾tems are only deployed at the end of their process—after the loan is closed—simply because the systems at the POS or fulfill￾ment stage are not capable of integrating effectively with outside systems. In these cases, documents and the associated data are rarely in the same system. Conse￾quently, much of the value of the imaging system is not being realized. How much time is lost in your lend￾ing process simply by moving docu￾ments among the originator, the proces￾sor and the underwriter, and then on to shipping? The opportunity cost associat￾ed with perpetuating these inefficien￾cies is rivaled only by the actual cost of doing business this way. Wal-Mart does something I see rarely in lending—it develops and manages processes and systems together. Systems don’t drive processes. And inefficient legacy processes aren’t allowed to survive and be re-implemented in new systems. Wal-Mart is the ultimate agile operation. Its scale allows it to constantly invest, driv￾ing incremental cost of out the system. Dr. Deming would be proud. MIB Dain Ehring is chief executive officer of Dorado Corporation, San Mateo, California. He can be reached at dehring@dorado.com. M O RTGAGE BANKING / O C TO B E R 2 0 0 6 R E P R INT ED W I TH P E R M I S S I O N F RO M THE M O RTGAGE BANK E R S A S SO C I AT I O N ( M BA )