复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Statecraft Scholars

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Statecraft a Statecraft: emphasis on the present, stress on practical application, learning of practical use to society 17th century(origin)-18th century (replaced b opposite school)-19th century (revival) Confucian humanism vS. metaphysical speculation as being empty Writings on Statecraft] from 1830s-early 20h ynasty Huangchao jingshi wentian collection of ching d century Among the school: Zhuang Cunyu, Liu Fenglu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu( 1839, translations) Wei Yuan: Proposal for maritime frontier defense before the Opium War

Statecraft Statecraft „ Statecraft: emphasis on the present, stress on practical Statecraft: emphasis on the present, stress on practical application, application, ‘learning of practical use to society. learning of practical use to society.’ „ 17th century (origin) century (origin) – 18th century (replaced by its century (replaced by its opposite school) opposite school) – 19th century (revival) Confucian century (revival) Confucian humanism vs. metaphysical speculation as being humanism vs. metaphysical speculation as being ‘empty’ „ Huangchao Huangchao jingshi jingshi wenbian wenbian [Collection of Ch [Collection of Ch’ing Dynasty ing Dynasty Writings on Statecraft] from 1830s Writings on Statecraft] from 1830s – early 20 early 20th century century „ Among the school: Among the school: Zhuang Cunyu, Liu Fenglu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Lin Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu (1839, translations) (1839, translations) „ Wei Yuan: Proposal for maritime frontier defense Wei Yuan: Proposal for maritime frontier defense before the Opium War before the Opium War

Statecraft Scholars However. the Manchu court .? Pacifism cherishing men from afar, literate culture(wen) and brute force(wu-which one more emphasized concerning the foreign policy Why only the second quarter of the 1gth century did the scholars pay attention to maritime frontier dealing with Westerners? There were statecraft scholars who had written about how to defend maritime frontier. but in the real Opium War...?

Statecraft Scholars Statecraft Scholars „ However, the Manchu court However, the Manchu court …? Pacifism, ? Pacifism, cherishing men from afar, literate culture ( cherishing men from afar, literate culture (wen) and brute force ( and brute force (wu) – which one more which one more emphasized concerning the foreign policy? emphasized concerning the foreign policy? „ Why only the second quarter of the 19 Why only the second quarter of the 19th century century did the scholars pay attention to maritime frontier did the scholars pay attention to maritime frontier dealing with Westerners? dealing with Westerners? „ There were statecraft scholars who had written There were statecraft scholars who had written about how to defend maritime frontier, but in the about how to defend maritime frontier, but in the real Opium War real Opium War … ?

Geographic Books The data on Europe in Chinese gazetteers and historical works were extremely scanty. 1840-1861(before the restoration period), more than 22 books had been written, including Lin Tse-hsu ( Zexu's compilation works in 1841 and Hsu Chi-yu (Xu jiyu's work in 1848.(A brief survey of the maritime circuit Why? Their motives for writing. Taking advantage of the barbarians so to subdue them a Wei Yuan's writing on Haiguo/Ocean Countries)--Illustrated treatise on the maritime keingdomsStatement of a policy for Maritime Defense, 1842. (geography, techniques of shipbuilding and weapon production in foreign countries

Geographic Books Geographic Books „ The data on Europe in Chinese gazetteers and historical The data on Europe in Chinese gazetteers and historical works were extremely scanty. works were extremely scanty. „ 1840 -1861 (before the restoration period), more than 22 1861 (before the restoration period), more than 22 books had been written, including Lin books had been written, including Lin Tse -hsu (Zexu)’s compilation works in 1841 and Hsu Chi compilation works in 1841 and Hsu Chi-yu (Xu Jiyu)’s work in 1848. (A brief survey of the maritime circuit) in 1848. (A brief survey of the maritime circuit) „ Why? Their motives for writing Why? Their motives for writing…“Taking advantage of the Taking advantage of the barbarians so to subdue them barbarians so to subdue them ” „ Wei Yuan Wei Yuan’s writing on s writing on Haiguo [Ocean Countries) [Ocean Countries) -- Illustrated Illustrated treatise on the maritime kingdoms treatise on the maritime kingdoms “Statement of a Policy for Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842. Maritime Defense, 1842. ” (geography, techniques of (geography, techniques of shipbuilding and weapon production in foreign countries) shipbuilding and weapon production in foreign countries)

Other policies a the use of trade barbarian affairs"-trading equals to foreign relations a trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian -to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military contlict Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers To use the people to control the barbarians -"Heaven sees as the people see''-anti-Christianity, xenophobia he foreigners could be manoeuvred into opposing one another- using barbarians to control barbarians Problem: a deep-rooted intellectual-institutional inertia conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War

Other Policies Other Policies „ the use of trade ( the use of trade (“barbarian affairs barbarian affairs ” – trading equals to foreign trading equals to foreign relations) relations) „ A trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian A trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian – to use the lure to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military conflict. conflict. „ Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers „ To use the people to control the barbarians To use the people to control the barbarians – “Heaven sees as Heaven sees as the people see the people see ” – anti -Christianity, xenophobia Christianity, xenophobia „ The foreigners could be The foreigners could be manoeuvred manoeuvred into opposing one another into opposing one another– using barbarians to control barbarians using barbarians to control barbarians „ Problem: a deep Problem: a deep -rooted intellectual rooted intellectual-institutional inertia, institutional inertia, conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War