复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Strangers at the Gate

Strangers at the Gate

Strangers at the Gate

Before and After the opium War China has no desire to organize trade on the European model-what was the story after? Why the Opium War(1839-42 ) contains Significant importance in Chinese history? a Why Chinese views of the West rely primarily on upper-class/literati's writings? What was the major change before and after the Opium War

Before and After the Opium War  China has no desire to organize trade on the European model – what was the story after?  Why the Opium War (1839-42) contains significant importance in Chinese history?  Why Chinese views of the West rely primarily on upper-class/literati’s writings? What was the major change before and after the Opium War?

Opium and the opium war Social life of opium in China: for medical purpose, in 1 8th century, smoke pure opium sap in a pipe to releve physical and emotional pain -but addictive In India. British invested in the manufacture and distribution of opium- seeing its sale as a way to solve the problem of their balance of payments with China (200 chests in1729;1,000 chests in1767;4,500by1800; 1000by1825;40,000n1828)

Opium and the Opium War  Social life of opium in China: for medical purpose; in 18th century, smoke pure opium sap in a pipe to relieve physical and emotional pain – but addictive.  In India, British invested in the manufacture and distribution of opium – seeing its sale as a way to solve the problem of their balance of payments with China. (200 chests in 1729; 1,000 chests in 1767; 4,500 by 1800; 10,000 by 1825; 40,000 in 1828)

Opium Smokers Calcutta: private merchants smuggling opium a Southern China: smuggling and smoking 1800-1818: Chinese private merchants acao rast boats through Canton ---inland --- along the sea coast --- inland ( suzhou 100,000 smokers around the time a Smokers: not only nobles, high officials, but also lower gentry class, soldiers a Why? After 1819, more opium harvest competition lowered the cost

Opium Smokers  Calcutta: private merchants smuggling opium  Southern China: smuggling and smoking  1800-1818: Chinese private merchants Macao --- “fast boats” --- through Canton --- inland --- along the sea coast --- inland (Suzhou, 100,000 smokers around the time)  Smokers: not only nobles, high officials, but also lower gentry class, soldiers  Why? After 1819, more opium harvest, competition lowered the cost

Balance of trade 18th century: tea, porcelain, Silk ---first ten years of the 19th century, 26 million income 1828-1836. 38 million outflow from China In 1830, at least 4 million pounds were transferred from India to england USing the rest of profits A to buy more opium to sell to chinese, B. to buy tea back to england to sell

Balance of Trade  18th century: tea, porcelain, silk --- first ten years of the 19th century, 26 million income  1828-1836, 38 million outflow from China  In 1830, at least 4 million pounds were transferred from India to England ----- Using the rest of profits: A. to buy more opium to sell to Chinese; B. to buy tea back to England to sell

To Suppress Opium Chinese officials wanted to control the situation. i. e moralists In 1820, Ruan Yuan put 16 Chinese(Cantonese) merchants who smuggled opium trade into jail However, 1822-1830 the trading still reached its peak time 18.760 chests a Why?(waterways, opium transportation, bribes) Debate of banning opium -exchanges between private merchants and officials; punishment to whom

To Suppress Opium  Chinese officials wanted to control the situation, i.e. moralists  In 1820, Ruan Yuan put 16 Chinese (Cantonese) merchants who smuggled opium trade into jail.  However, 1822-1830 the trading still reached its peak time 18,760 chests.  Why? (waterways, opium transportation, bribes)  Debate of banning opium – exchanges between private merchants and officials; punishment to whom?

a Daoguang Emperor and the debate -supported the suppressing movement of opium smoking and trading 1837, 2000 Chinese merchants who participated the opium smuggling were put into jar a 1838, those who smoked opium will be put into jail Question: how do you know who are smokers?

 Daoguang Emperor and the debate – supported the suppressing movement of opium smoking and trading  1837, 2000 Chinese merchants who participated the opium smuggling were put into jail  1838, those who smoked opium will be put into jail. Question: how do you know who are smokers?

1839 Daoguang Emperor sent an incorrupt Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to compel foreign traders to stop opium 1838, Lin Zexu, a moralist, and his proposal ofmoral value”-“ moral advice to Queen Victoria”1839 March 1839, to inform the british merchants to give out the opium- August 1839, to cut off the supplie Who s law? Extraterritoriality

 1839 Daoguang Emperor sent an incorrupt Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to compel foreign traders to stop opium.  1838, Lin Zexu, a moralist, and his proposal of “moral value” --“moral advice to Queen Victoria” 1839.  March 1839, to inform the British merchants to give out the opium – August 1839, to cut off the supplies  Who’s law? Extraterritoriality

Attitude to the war The british a Before the industry revolution ---to buy something from the east: After the industry revolution-to look for a market In their own country, a parliament debate whether to abandon eic monopoly -"free trading ■ The chinese Did the Chinese(high officials) predict that there will be a war? to win or to lose?

Attitude to the war  The British  Before the industry revolution --- to buy something from the east;  After the industry revolution --- to look for a market  In their own country, a parliament debate whether to abandon EIC monopoly --- “free trading”  The Chinese  Did the Chinese (high officials) predict that there will be a war? To win or to lose?

■ Confidence: A Past experience told them B. Through a war, they may teach the " barbarians a C. After war, things will be back to" tributary system a In fact, Chinese soldiers spears, swords, and big knives vS. The Nemesis, gunpowder and cannons Chinese soldiers: Manchus, not even rigidly trained; Han- Chinese, to "sel their service, not willing to fight (opium smokers

 Confidence:  A. Past experience told them …  B. Through a war, they may teach the “barbarians”…  C. After war, things will be back to “tributary system”  In fact, Chinese soldiers’ spears, swords, and big knives vs. The Nemesis, gunpowder and cannons.  Chinese soldiers: Manchus, not even rigidly trained; Han￾Chinese, to “sell” their service, not willing to fight (opium smokers)