复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Introduction and the Canton System

The Canton System

The Canton System The Canton System

Qing Territorial Expansion tier area to china under Kangxi(r.16621722) Urga. MANCHURIA hongzheng DZUNGARS OUTER MONGOL Qianlong (r. 1736-95 EASTERN TURKESTAN Hardworking at the art of Hui(Muslim) risings governing Tribal rising 1807 TIBET Patronized the chinese literati and won over the BRITISH ASSAM SEA Chinese gentry century: expeditions BURMA and expansion- Tibet TONKIN SAM」LAOS Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan Taiwan Manchu expansion by end of 18th century hu expansion by 1644 1658 date of incorporation in empire main area of Taiping occupation 1853 today's territory

Qing Territorial Expansion Qing Territorial Expansion „ Kangxi (r. 1662 (r. 1662 -1722) „ Yongzheng Yongzheng „ Qianlong (r. 1736 Qianlong (r. 1736 -95) „ Hardworking at the art of Hardworking at the art of governing governing „ Patronized the Chinese Patronized the Chinese literati and won over the literati and won over the Chinese gentry Chinese gentry „ 17th century: expeditions century: expeditions and expansion and expansion – Tibet Mongolia, Chinese Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, Taiwan Turkestan, Taiwan – today’s territory s territory

Tribute system Discussion: 1) Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of Kotow?? 2) What are functions and purposes of the tribute system Tributary trade/ Tributary vs. trade -"Tribute was a cloak for trade"? Why trade and tribute were cognate aspects of a Single system of foreign relations in the Confucian view 4) In what aspects can we see the Manchus make themselves Sinified? The relationship between merchants and officials in the Canton system'"'-a tributary system? 6) In Fairbank's account, why China's response to the Western impact is slow?

Tribute System Tribute System Discussion: Discussion: 1) Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of “Kotow ” ? 2) What are functions and purposes of the tribute system? What are functions and purposes of the tribute system? 3) Tributary trade / Tributary vs. trade Tributary trade / Tributary vs. trade -- “Tribute was a cloak Tribute was a cloak for trade for trade ”? Why “trade and tribute were cognate aspects of a trade and tribute were cognate aspects of a single system of foreign relations in the Confucian view single system of foreign relations in the Confucian view” ? 4) In what aspects can we see the In what aspects can we see the Manchus Manchus make themselves make themselves Sinified Sinified ? 5) The relationship between merchants and officials in the The relationship between merchants and officials in the “Canton system Canton system ” – a tributary system? a tributary system? 6) In Fairbank Fairbank’s account, why China account, why China’s response to the Western s response to the Western impact is slow? impact is slow?

Maritime Trade Portuguese and the trade at south Chinese ports in the 16th century settlement 1557); Dutch in the 17th century, and the English in the 18th century( British East India Company), and others H. B. Morse(The Chronicles), 1634 Britains first attempt, 1699 ondon, 1760-1834 Regulated I-the Canton System The Canton Trade (the only city in which Europeans were allowed to trade between 1760-1840) Longs,"licensed Chinese monopolists, Ua Co-hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1759 Lucrative trading: the demand for tea in 18th-century britain chests in 1684-400,000 pounds by 1720-23 million pounds in180 the flow of silver into China: rose from 3 million ounces of sliver per year in the 1760s to 16 million in the 1780s

Maritime Trade Maritime Trade „ Portuguese and the trade at south Chinese ports in the 16 Portuguese and the trade at south Chinese ports in the 16th century (Settlement 1557); Dutch in the 17 century (Settlement 1557); Dutch in the 17th century, and the century, and the English in the 18 English in the 18th century (British East India Company), and century (British East India Company), and others. others. „ H. B. Morse ( H. B. Morse (The Chronicles The Chronicles), 1634 Britain ), 1634 Britain’s first attempt, 1699 s first attempt, 1699 “London ”, 1760 -1834 Regulated 1834 Regulated – the Canton System. the Canton System. „ The Canton Trade (the only city in which Europeans were The Canton Trade (the only city in which Europeans were allowed to trade between 1760 allowed to trade between 1760 -1840) „ Co -hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after , the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1759 – Hongs, “licensed Chinese monopolists licensed Chinese monopolists ” „ Lucrative trading: the demand for tea in 18 Lucrative trading: the demand for tea in 18th -century Britain century Britain (5 chests in 1684 (5 chests in 1684 – 400,000 pounds by 1720 400,000 pounds by 1720 – 23 million pounds 23 million pounds in 1800) in 1800) „ the flow of silver into China: rose from 3 million ounces of sli the flow of silver into China: rose from 3 million ounces of sliver per year in the 1760s to 16 million in the 1780s. per year in the 1760s to 16 million in the 1780s

Macartney Mission to China British wanted to create a market for their goods in China, and also wanted China to abandon the tributary system( commercial treaties and published tariffs Macartney Mission to China: in 1793, Lord George Macartney was sent as an envoy to Qianlong Emperor 84 people, 600 cases(scientific instruments, carpets, woollens knives, plate glass and other gifts to attract Chinese interest in British manufactured goods); refused to perform kowtow Diplomatic failure, yet obtain information (no interest in material growth, ill-prepared for war, soldiers used bows and arrows) Qianlong saw no real trade. We possess all things, in a letter to the king of english, i set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country s manufactures

Macartney Macartney Mission to China Mission to China „ British wanted to create a market for their goods in China, and British wanted to create a market for their goods in China, and also wanted China to abandon the tributary system (commercial also wanted China to abandon the tributary system (commercial treaties and published tariffs) treaties and published tariffs) „ Macartney Macartney Mission to China: in 1793, Lord George Mission to China: in 1793, Lord George Macartney Macartney was sent as an envoy to Qianlong Emperor. sent as an envoy to Qianlong Emperor. „ 84 people, 600 cases (scientific instruments, carpets, 84 people, 600 cases (scientific instruments, carpets, woollens woollens, knives, plate glass and other gifts to attract Chinese interest knives, plate glass and other gifts to attract Chinese interest in British manufactured goods); refused to perform kowtow British manufactured goods); refused to perform kowtow „ Diplomatic failure, yet obtain information (no interest in mater Diplomatic failure, yet obtain information (no interest in material growth, ill growth, ill-prepared for war, soldiers used bows and arrows) prepared for war, soldiers used bows and arrows) „ Qianlong saw no real trade. Qianlong saw no real trade. “We possess all things, We possess all things,” in a letter to in a letter to the king of English, the king of English, “I set no value on objects strange or I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures. s manufactures

Understanding the canton System Fairbank, pp 46-51, discussion What's the background of Canton System 1) Western Commerce in China in four periods, particularly, B3 an d 4 Evolution of"Canton System?: How many different parties joining in this system? Who were they? 3) What was the role of Chinese merchants? Who were they? How did they usually perform in the trading system 4) What does Cohong mean? How did the trading system instituted based on this organization? 5) How did foreigners live in Canton? How did they participate the trading activities

Understanding the Canton System Understanding the Canton System „ Fairbank Fairbank, pp. 46 , pp. 46 -51, discussion: 51, discussion: „ What’s the background of s the background of “Canton System Canton System ” ? 1) Western Commerce in China in four periods, particularly, [3] Western Commerce in China in four periods, particularly, [3] and [4]. and [4]. 2) Evolution of Evolution of “Canton System Canton System ”: How many different parties : How many different parties joining in this system? Who were they? joining in this system? Who were they? 3) What was the role of Chinese merchants? Who were they? What was the role of Chinese merchants? Who were they? How did they usually perform in the trading system? How did they usually perform in the trading system? 4) What does What does Cohong mean? How did the trading system mean? How did the trading system instituted based on this organization? instituted based on this organization? 5) How did foreigners live in Canton? How did they participate How did foreigners live in Canton? How did they participate the trading activities? the trading activities?