复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Strangers at the Gate Strangers at the Gate

Strangers at the gate

Strangers at the Gate Strangers at the Gate

Opium and the opium War a China has no desire to organize trade on the european model-what was the story after a Social life of opium in China: for medical purpose;, in 18t century, smoke pure opium sap in a pipe to releve hysical and emotional pain -but addictive pays In India. British invested in the manufacture and distribution of opium- seeing its sale as a way to solve the problem of their balance of payments with China 200 chests in1729;1,00 chests in1767;4,500by1800; 10,000by1825;40,000n1828

Opium and the Opium War Opium and the Opium War „ China has no desire to organize trade on the European China has no desire to organize trade on the European model – what was the story after? what was the story after? „ Social life of opium in China: for medical purpose; in 18 Social life of opium in China: for medical purpose; in 18th century, smoke pure opium sap in a pipe to relieve century, smoke pure opium sap in a pipe to relieve physical and emotional pain physical and emotional pain – but addictive. but addictive. „ In India, British invested in the manufacture and In India, British invested in the manufacture and distribution of opium distribution of opium – seeing its sale as a way to solve seeing its sale as a way to solve the problem of their balance of payments with China. the problem of their balance of payments with China. (200 chests in 1729; 1,000 (200 chests in 1729; 1,000 chests in 1767; 4,500 by 1800; chests in 1767; 4,500 by 1800; 10,000 by 1825; 40,000 in 1828). 10,000 by 1825; 40,000 in 1828)

Opium Smokers Calcutta: private merchants smuggling opium a Southern China: smuggling and smoking 1800-1818 Chinese private merchants Macao <fast boats through Canton -- inland along the sea coast ---inland suzhou 100,000 smokers around the time Smokers: not only nobles, high officials, but also lower gentry class, soldiers Why? After 1819, more opium harvest competition lowered the cost

Opium Smokers Opium Smokers „ Calcutta: private merchants smu Calcutta: private merchants smuggling opium gling opium „ Southern China: smuggling and smoking Southern China: smuggling and smoking „ 1800 -1818: Chinese private merchants 1818: Chinese private merchants Macao Macao --- “fast boats fast boats ” --- through Canton through Canton --- inland --- along the sea coast along the sea coast --- inland (Suzhou, inland (Suzhou, 100,000 smokers around the time) 100,000 smokers around the time) „ Smokers: not only nobles, high officials, but also Smokers: not only nobles, high officials, but also lower gentry class, soldiers lower gentry class, soldiers „ Why? After 1819, more opium harvest, Why? After 1819, more opium harvest, competition lowered the cost. competition lowered the cost

Balance of trade a 18h century: tea, porcelain, Silk ---first ten years of the 1gth century 26 million income 1828-1836. 38 million outflow from china In 1830, at least 4 million pounds were transferred from India to england USing the rest of profits A. to buy more opium to sell to Chinese; B. to buy tea back to england to sell

Balance of Trade Balance of Trade „ 18th century: tea, porcelain, silk century: tea, porcelain, silk --- first ten years first ten years of the 19 of the 19th century, 26 million income century, 26 million income „ 1828 -1836, 38 million outflow from China 1836, 38 million outflow from China „ In 1830, at least 4 million pounds were transferred In 1830, at least 4 million pounds were transferred from India to England from India to England ----- Using the rest of profits: Using the rest of profits: A. to buy more opium to sell to Chinese; B. to A. to buy more opium to sell to Chinese; B. to buy tea back to England to sell buy tea back to England to sell

To Suppress Opium Chinese officials wanted to control the situation. i. e moralists In 1820, Ruan Yuan put 16 Chinese( cantonese merchants who smuggled opium trade into jail a However, 1822-1830 the trading still reached its peak time 18.760 chests a Why?(waterways, opium transportation, bribes 1839 Daoguang Emperor sent an incorrupt Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to compel foreign traders to stop opium

To Suppress Opium To Suppress Opium „ Chinese officials wanted to Chinese officials wanted to control the situation, control the situation, i.e. moralists moralists „ In 1820, In 1820, Ruan Yuan put 16 Chinese (Cantonese) Yuan put 16 Chinese (Cantonese) merchants who smuggled opium trade into jail. merchants who smuggled opium trade into jail. „ However, 1822 However, 1822 -1830 the trading still reached its peak 1830 the trading still reached its peak time 18,760 chests. time 18,760 chests. „ Why? (waterways, opium transportation, bribes) Why? (waterways, opium transportation, bribes) „ 1839 Daoguang Daoguang Emperor sent an incorrupt Imperial Emperor sent an incorrupt Imperial Commissioner, Lin Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to compel foreign traders to , to compel foreign traders to stop opium. stop opium

Daoguang Emperor and the debate -supported the suppressing movement of opium smoking and trading 1837, 2000 Chinese merchants who participated the opium smuggling were put into jail a 1838, those who smoked opium will be put into jail Question: how do you know who are smokers a 1838, Lin Zexu, a moralist, and his proposal of moral value--"moral advice to Queen Victoria1839

„ Daoguang Daoguang Emperor and the debate Emperor and the debate – supported the supported the suppressing movement of opium smoking and trading suppressing movement of opium smoking and trading „ 1837, 2000 Chinese merchant 1837, 2000 Chinese merchants who participated the s who participated the opium smuggling were put into jail opium smuggling were put into jail „ 1838, those who smoked opium will be put into jail. 1838, those who smoked opium will be put into jail. Question: how do you know who are smokers? Question: how do you know who are smokers? „ 1838, Lin 1838, Lin Zexu, a moralist, and his proposal of , a moralist, and his proposal of “moral value” --“moral advice to Queen Victoria moral advice to Queen Victoria” 1839

Attitude to the war ■ The british Before the industry revolution ---to buy something from the eas After the industry revolution ---to look for a market In their own country a parliament debate whether to abandon eic monopoly -free trading The Chinese what did Lin zexu do as an Imperial commissioner at canton?

Attitude to the war Attitude to the war „ The British The British „ Before the industry revolution Before the industry revolution --- to buy something to buy something from the east; from the east; „ After the industry revolution After the industry revolution --- to look for a market to look for a market „ In their own country, a parliament debate whether to In their own country, a parliament debate whether to abandon EIC monopoly abandon EIC monopoly --- “free trading free trading” „ The Chinese The Chinese – what did Lin what did Lin Zexu do as an do as an Imperial Commissioner at Canton? Imperial Commissioner at Canton?

Did the Chinese(high officials) predict that there will be a war? to win or to lose? ■ Confidence: A. Past experience told them B. Through a war, they may teach the barbarians" C. After war, things will be back to"tributary system In fact, what did the so-called"confidence''bring to the Chinese?(example of lin Zexu's memorial to Daoguang上 peror)

„ Did the Chinese (high officials) predict that there Did the Chinese (high officials) predict that there will be a war? To win or to lose? will be a war? To win or to lose? „ Confidence: Confidence: „ A. Past experience told them A. Past experience told them … „ B. Through a war, they may teach the B. Through a war, they may teach the “barbarians barbarians”… „ C. After war, things will be back to C. After war, things will be back to “tributary system tributary system” „ In fact, what did the so In fact, what did the so-called “confidence confidence” bring to the Chinese? (Example of Lin to the Chinese? (Example of Lin Zexu’s memorial memorial to Daoguang Daoguang Emperor) Emperor)

In fact, Chinese soldiers'spears, swords, and big knives vS. The Nemesis, gunpowder and cannons Chinese soldiers Manchus, not even rigidly trained Han-Chinese, to" their service, not willing to fight (opium smokers 1841, Chuanbi negotiation, a manchu official Chi-shan replaced Lin Zexu: Hong Kong, treaty ports, indemnity, opium trade (illegall)---not a single one is fitted into tributary system March May 1841, the stage set for the San-yuan-li incident

„ In fact, Chinese soldiers In fact, Chinese soldiers’ spears, swords, and big knives spears, swords, and big knives vs. The vs. The Nemesis Nemesis, gunpowder and cannons. , gunpowder and cannons. „ Chinese soldiers: Chinese soldiers: Manchus Manchus, not even rigidly trained; , not even rigidly trained; Han -Chinese, to Chinese, to “sell ” their service, not willing to fight their service, not willing to fight (opium smokers) (opium smokers) „ 1841, Chuanbi Chuanbi negotiation, a Manchu official Chi negotiation, a Manchu official Chi -shan replaced Lin replaced Lin Zexu: Hong Kong, treaty ports, indemnity, : Hong Kong, treaty ports, indemnity, opium trade (illegal!) opium trade (illegal!) --- not a single one is fitted into not a single one is fitted into “tributary system tributary system ” „ March – May 1841, the stage set for the San May 1841, the stage set for the San-yuan -li incident incident

The English proudly commemorated their victory in the Opium War. Chinese wooden ships were destroyed by the Nemesis, a paddle wheel iron ship that could operated by steam

„ The English proudly commemorated The English proudly commemorated their victory in the Opium War. their victory in the Opium War. (Chinese wooden ships were destroy hinese wooden ships were destroyed by the d by the Nemesis, a paddle mesis, a paddle - wheel iron ship that could operated by steam). wheel iron ship that could operated by steam)