复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Self-Strengthening Movement

Self-strengthening Movement

Self-Strengthening Movement

A“ Changed Situation After 1860 a segment of the literati realized that China was faced a new situation ..(pien-tung, pien- aian, pien-C What made the literati recognize the so-calledchanged situation??? How was the situation?' characterized? The changed situation, in literatis record, was"the greatest change in a/three/ five thousand years, unprecedented, unalterable, etc --why? a What did the"changed situation'mean to those official- scholars(who had such recognition

A “Changed Situation”  After 1860 a segment of the literati realized that China was faced a new situation … (pien-tung, pien￾duan, pien-chü)  What made the literati recognize the so-called “changed situation”? How was the “situation” characterized?  The “changed situation,” in literati’s record, was “the greatest change in a/three/five thousand years,” “unprecedented,” “unalterable,” etc. -- why?  What did the “changed situation” mean to those official￾scholars (who had such recognition)?

Reformers and in their mind Many literati-officials recognized the dawning of a new era, but the theoretical basis of the change Reformers looked to tradition for answers Confucian ideology(after 1860s Restoration of the tung- chih tongzhi) period-application of traditional principles to the new situations-had the Confucian sages lived in the 19th century, would have acted in a similar manner Book of Changes(l-ching, Yi Jing"exhausted situation leads to change and this change then leads to success Cosmology, yun-bui, a mystically predestined change reform-minded scholars took it as what?

Reformers and in their mind… Many literati-officials recognized the dawning of a new era, but the theoretical basis of the change…  Reformers – looked to tradition for answers  Confucian ideology (after 1860s’ Restoration of the T’ung￾chih (Tongzhi) period)– application of traditional principles to the new situations – had the Confucian sages lived in the 19th century, would have acted in a similar manner.  Book of Changes (I-ching, Yi Jing) “exhausted situation leads to change and this change then leads to success”  Cosmology, yun-hui, a mystically predestined change – reform-minded scholars took it as what?

Politic cal Imperial Lis sm intensified as the 1gtn century progressed Imperialism in the nineteenth century RUSSIAN EMPIRE ■ Foreign attacks 丿APAN British(1839-42 MO NG O L I A ■ Anglo- French Tian Shan (1858-60 TURKESTA F french XINJIANG (1883-85) C H I emi-Colonial AFGHANISTAN CHUA Tibetan Plate EAST iwan CHINA Possession ■ Russian BRITISH INDIA ■| apanese BURMA ■ French ARABIAN Krishna British German

Political Imperialism intensified as the 19th century progressed…  Foreign attacks  British (1839-42)  Anglo-French (1858-60)  French (1883-85)  Semi-Colonial Possession  Russian  Japanese  French  British  German

Maintenance of peace After the Second Opium War and further negotiation for treaty revision -Westerners were allowed to enter Chinese cities(as well as some parts of inland To develop new Chinese institutions, to conduct foreign relations, a change in the courts attitude and policy. Prince Kung and the Tsungli Yamen(a special board dealing with all aspects of relations foreign affairs)-a subcommittee under the Grand Council, prototype of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1901 a The New Foreign Policy'-during mid-1860s, why first Taiping and Nien bandits, and then foreigners?

Maintenance of Peace  After the Second Opium War and further negotiation for treaty revision – Westerners were allowed to enter Chinese cities (as well as some parts of inland)  To develop new Chinese institutions, to conduct foreign relations, a change in the court’s attitude and policy.  Prince Kung and the Tsungli Yamen (a special board dealing with all aspects of relations foreign affairs)– a subcommittee under the Grand Council, prototype of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1901.  “The New Foreign Policy” – during mid-1860s, why first Taiping and Nien bandits, and then foreigners?

In scholars'mind.。 Zeng guofan steadily developed his interest in Western Science and supported the Self-strengthening Movement The term tyu-chiangxigiang, self-strengthening and"Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application''(1890s slogan by scholars of a later generation Scholars facing new problems, e.g. Feng Guifen and his personal protests?from his study in 1861 The new elite members in the treaty ports, Western learning tradition

In scholars’ mind…  Zeng Guofan steadily developed his interest in Western Science and supported the Self-strengthening Movement.  The term tzu-chiang/ziqiang, self-strengthening and “Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application” (1890’s slogan by scholars of a later generation)  Scholars facing new problems, e.g. Feng Guifen and his “personal protests” from his study in 1861.  The new elite members in the treaty ports, Western learning + tradition

Self-strengthening movement (1860s-1895 1860s, set up and arsenal in Shanghai -strong ships and powerful cannon", to build machines and weapons 1862, interpreters college to study foreign languages To translate Western learning"( Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries)-Western sciences, new technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions John Fryer(1839-1928), translation bureau of the shanghai Arsenal, produced many compilations- textbooks for Chinese students Ding richang,'s proposal for civil examinations-associated with Western knowledge

Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-1895)  1860s, set up and arsenal in Shanghai – “strong ships and powerful cannon”, to build machines and weapons  1862, interpreters college to study foreign languages  To translate “Western learning” (Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries) – Western sciences, new technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions.  John Fryer (1839-1928), translation bureau of the Shanghai Arsenal, produced many compilations – textbooks for Chinese students  Ding Richang’s proposal for civil examinations – associated with Western knowledge

In China. toward the late 19th century. Scholar-official Zhang Zhidong educational bibliography (“ Exhortation to learn a Foreign language schools in the 1860S, yet Western knowledge had little place in the curricular of local academies Dianshizhai in Shanghai -1870S, lithographically printed books- Confucian Classics for civil examinations in majority a The majority of chinese gentry-literati still lived in the mental universe of their own tradition

In China, toward the late 19th century…  Scholar-official Zhang Zhidong educational bibliography (“Exhortation to learn”)  Foreign language schools in the 1860s, yet Western knowledge had little place in the curricular of local academies  Dianshizhai in Shanghai – 1870s, lithographically printed books – Confucian Classics for civil examinations in majority  The majority of Chinese gentry-literati still lived in the mental universe of their own tradition