复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_Self-Strengthening Strengthening Movement Movement

Self-Strengthening Movement

Self-Strengthening Strengthening Movement Movement

A“ Changed Situation After 1860 a segment of the literati realized that China was faced a new situation.(pien-tung, pien duan, pien-chiil situation?? How was the "situation"characterized sc What made the literati recognize the so-called chang The‘ changed situation,” in literati? s record,was‘the greatest change in a/three/five thousand years unprecedented, unalterable, etc - why? What did the changed situation'' mean to those official scholars (who had such recognition?

A “Changed Situation Changed Situation” „ After 1860 a segment of the literati realized that After 1860 a segment of the literati realized that China was faced a new situation China was faced a new situation … (pien-tung, pien￾duan, pien-chü) „ What made the literati recognize the so What made the literati recognize the so-called “changed changed situation situation”? How was the ? How was the “situation situation” characterized? characterized? „ The “changed situation, changed situation,” in literati in literati’s record, was s record, was “the greatest change in a/three/five thousand years, greatest change in a/three/five thousand years,” “unprecedented, unprecedented,” “unalterable, unalterable,” etc. -- why? „ What did the What did the “changed situation changed situation” mean to those official mean to those official￾scholars (who had such recognition)? scholars (who had such recognition)?

Political Imperialism intensified as the 19n century progressed. Imperialism in the nineteenth century RUSSIAN EMPIRE ■ Foreign attacks SEA OF JAPAN British(1839-42) M G O L I an Shan Anglo-French A/ta (1858-0 TURKESTAN French(1883-85) XN⊥|ANG Taklimakan C H an 15-■ Semi-Colonial Alt EAST Possession RI ussian BRITISH INDIA apanese BURMA M OUTH CHINA French ARABIAN SEA ■ British ■ German

Political Imperialism Political Imperialism intensified as the 19 intensified as the 19th century progressed century progressed … „ Foreign attacks Foreign attacks „ British (1839 British (1839 -42) „ Anglo -French (1858 -60) „ French (1883 French (1883 -85) „ Semi -Colonial Colonial Possession Possession „ Russian Russian „ Japanese Japanese „ French „ British British „ German

Restoration in the 1860s a Westernization Movement(1860s, set up and arsenal in Shanghai-"strong ships and powerful cannon to build machines and weapons; 1862, interpreters college to study foreign languages and translate Western books) a Western learning Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries)-Western sciences,new technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions

Restoration in the 1860s Restoration in the 1860s „ Westernization Movement (1860s, set up and arsenal Westernization Movement (1860s, set up and arsenal in Shanghai in Shanghai – “strong ships and powerful cannon strong ships and powerful cannon”, to build machines and weapons; 1862, interpreters to build machines and weapons; 1862, interpreters college to study foreign languages and translate college to study foreign languages and translate Western books) Western books) „ Western learning (Chinese literati collaborated with Western learning (Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries) Protestant Missionaries) – Western sciences, new Western sciences, new technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions. political institutions

Reformers and in their mind Many literati-officials recognized the dawning of a new era, but the theoretical basis of the change Reformers- looked to tradition for answers Confucian ideology(after 1860s Restoration of the Tung chih(Tongzhi) period-application of traditional principles to the new situations- had the Confucian sages lived in the 19th century would have acted in a similar manner change and this change then leads to success,tion leads to Book of changes(l-ching, Yi Jing"exhausted situa Cosmology, yun-hui, a mystically predestined change reform-minded scholars took it as what?

Reformers and in their mind Reformers and in their mind … Many literati Many literati -officials recognized the dawning of a new era, officials recognized the dawning of a new era, but the theoretical basis of the change but the theoretical basis of the change … „ Reformers Reformers – looked to tradition for answers looked to tradition for answers „ Confucian ideology (after 1860s Confucian ideology (after 1860s’ Restoration of the Restoration of the T’ung - chih (Tongzhi Tongzhi) period) ) period) – application of traditional principles application of traditional principles to the new situations to the new situations – had the Confucian sages lived in the had the Confucian sages lived in the 19th century, would have acted in a similar manner. century, would have acted in a similar manner. „ Book of Changes (I Book of Changes (I-ching, Yi Jing) “exhausted situation leads to exhausted situation leads to change and this change then leads to success change and this change then leads to success ” „ Cosmology, Cosmology, yun -hui, a mystically predestined change , a mystically predestined change – reform -minded scholars took it as what? minded scholars took it as what?

Maintenance of peace Prince Kung and the Tsungli Y amen(a special board dealing with all aspects of relations foreign affairs)-a subcommittee under the Grand Council, prototype of Ministry of foreign Affairs in 1901 Teng, p. 48. The New Foreign Policy''-during mid-1860s, why first Taiping and Nien bandits, and then foreigners Tseng Kuo-fan, hong(faithfulness), xin(trust), du(sincerity),jing (seriousness)-approach on the basis of his own Confucian moral code. "Confucius says, If you can rule your own counti who dares to insult you? >> [ Teng, pp 66-67]

Maintenance of Peace Maintenance of Peace „ Prince Kung and the Prince Kung and the Tsungli Tsungli Yamen (a special board dealing (a special board dealing with all aspects of relations foreign affairs) with all aspects of relations foreign affairs) – a subcommittee a subcommittee under the Grand Council, prototype of Ministry of Foreign under the Grand Council, prototype of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1901. Affairs in 1901. „ Teng, p. 48. , p. 48. “The New Foreign Policy The New Foreign Policy” – during mid during mid -1860s, why 1860s, why first Taiping Taiping and Nien bandits, and then foreigners? bandits, and then foreigners? „ Tseng Kuo -fan, zhong (faithfulness), (faithfulness), xin (trust), (trust), du (sincerity), (sincerity), jing (seriousness) (seriousness) – approach on the basis of his own Confucian approach on the basis of his own Confucian moral code. moral code. “Confucius says, Confucius says, ‘If you can rule your own country, If you can rule your own country, who dares to insult you? who dares to insult you?’ ” [Teng, pp. 66 , pp. 66 -67]

Self-Strengthening movement (1860s-1895) The term tyu-chiang/iqiang, self-strengthening (in Feng,'s 1860 writing),and"Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application?(1890's slogan by a ater generation, Zhang Zhidong) a Arsenals, foreign weapons, and foreign language institutes Teng, pp.51-54,73-77 To translate"Western learning,"( Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries)-Western sciences, new technologies and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions Ding richang's proposal for civil examinations -associated with Western knowledge

Self-Strengthening Movement Strengthening Movement (1860s-1895) „ The term The term tzu-chiang/ziqiang chiang/ziqiang, self-strengthening strengthening (in Feng’s 1860 writing), and writing), and “Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application Western studies for use/practical application” (1890’s slogan by a s slogan by a later generation, Zhang later generation, Zhang Zhidong Zhidong) „ Arsenals, foreign weapons, and foreign language institutes [ Arsenals, foreign weapons, and foreign language institutes [Teng, pp. 51-54, 73-77] „ To translate To translate “Western learning Western learning” (Chinese literati collaborated with (Chinese literati collaborated with Protestant Missionaries) Protestant Missionaries) – Western sciences, new technologies, Western sciences, new technologies, and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions. and also philosophy and thoughts on political institutions. „ Ding Richang Richang’s proposal for civil examinations proposal for civil examinations – associated with associated with Western knowledge. Western knowledge

Anti-Foreignism a The rejection of Western technology-popular sentiment(min xin) was more important than weaponry in making a strong country The conservatives maintained that in all the prosperous times China did not learn from the barbarians, why must China emulate the West a Technology and human worlds The fear of imperialism- a steady encroachment on china like a silkworm

Anti-Foreignism Foreignism „ The rejection of Western technology The rejection of Western technology – popular popular sentiment ( sentiment (min xin) was more important than ) was more important than weaponry in making a strong country. weaponry in making a strong country. „ The conservatives maintained that in all the The conservatives maintained that in all the prosperous times China did not learn from the prosperous times China did not learn from the barbarians, why must China emulate the West? barbarians, why must China emulate the West? „ Technology and human worlds Technology and human worlds „ The fear of imperialism The fear of imperialism– a steady encroachment a steady encroachment on China like a silkworm on China like a silkworm