复旦大学：《中国历史——从改良到革命 China-From Reform to Revolution》教学课件_ready to reform

Ready to reform?

Ready to Reform?

The Treaty of Nanjing 1841, Chuanbi negotiation, a Manchu official Chi-shan replaced Lin Zexu: Hong Kong, treaty ports, indemnity, opium trade (illegal!)---not a single one is fitted into"tributary system a Treaty of Nanjing in 1842: extraterritoriality, an indemnity, treaty ports, etc Not fully accepted on the Chinese side, however, the treaty privileges seemed inadequate from the British side

The Treaty of Nanjing  1841, Chuanbi negotiation, a Manchu official Chi-shan replaced Lin Zexu: Hong Kong, treaty ports, indemnity, opium trade (illegal!) --- not a single one is fitted into “tributary system”  Treaty of Nanjing in 1842: extraterritoriality, an indemnity, treaty ports, etc.  Not fully accepted on the Chinese side; however, the treaty privileges seemed inadequate from the British side

Statecraft a Statecraft: emphasis on the present, stress on practical application, learning of practical use to society a 17n century(origin)-18th century (replaced by its opposite school)-19th century(revival) Confucian humanism vS. metaphysical speculation as being empty a Huangchao jingshi enbian[Collection of Ching Dynasty Writings on Statecraft) from 1830s -early 20 century Among the school: Zhuang Cunyu, Liu Fenglu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu(1839, translations) Wei Yuan: Proposal for maritime frontier defense before the Opium War

Statecraft  Statecraft: emphasis on the present, stress on practical application, ‘learning of practical use to society.’  17th century (origin)– 18th century (replaced by its opposite school) – 19th century (revival) Confucian humanism vs. metaphysical speculation as being ‘empty’  Huangchao jingshi wenbian [Collection of Ch’ing Dynasty Writings on Statecraft] from 1830s – early 20th century  Among the school: Zhuang Cunyu, Liu Fenglu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu (1839, translations)  Wei Yuan: Proposal for maritime frontier defense before the Opium War

Statecraft scholars However. the Manchu court.. Pacifism cherishing men from afar, literate culture(wen and brute force (wu-which one more emphasized concerning the foreign policy? Why only the second quarter of the 1 gth century did the scholars pay attention to maritime frontier dealing with Westerners There were statecraft scholars who had written about how to defend maritime frontier but in the real Opium War...?

Statecraft Scholars  However, the Manchu court …? Pacifism, cherishing men from afar, literate culture (wen) and brute force (wu)– which one more emphasized concerning the foreign policy?  Why only the second quarter of the 19th century did the scholars pay attention to maritime frontier dealing with Westerners?  There were statecraft scholars who had written about how to defend maritime frontier, but in the real Opium War…?

Geographic books a The data on Europe in Chinese gazetteers and historical works were extremely scanty. 1840-1861(before the restoration period), more than 22 books had been written, including Lin Tse-hsu(Zexu)s compilation works in 1841 and Hsu Chi-yu(Xu Jiyu)'s work in 1848. (A brief survey of the maritime circuit Why? Their motives for writing. Taking advantage of the barbarians so to subdue them Wei Yuan's writing on Haiguo/ Ocean Countries)--lllustrated treatise on the maritime kingdoms Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842. ( geography, techniques of shipbuilding and weapon production in foreign countries

Geographic Books  The data on Europe in Chinese gazetteers and historical works were extremely scanty.  1840-1861 (before the restoration period), more than 22 books had been written, including Lin Tse-hsu (Zexu)’s compilation works in 1841 and Hsu Chi-yu (Xu Jiyu)’s work in 1848. (A brief survey of the maritime circuit)  Why? Their motives for writing…“Taking advantage of the barbarians so to subdue them”  Wei Yuan’s writing on Haiguo [Ocean Countries) -- Illustrated treatise on the maritime kingdoms “Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842.” (geography, techniques of shipbuilding and weapon production in foreign countries)

Other policies the use of trade barbarian affairs"-trading equals to foreign relations a trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian- to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military conflict Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers To use the people to control the barbarians -"Heaven sees as the people see''-anti-Christianity, xenophobia The foreigners could be manoeuvred into opposing one another- using barbarians to control barbarians a Problem: a deep-rooted intellectual-institutional inertia conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War

Other Policies  the use of trade (“barbarian affairs” – trading equals to foreign relations)  A trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian – to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military conflict.  Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers  To use the people to control the barbarians – “Heaven sees as the people see” – anti-Christianity, xenophobia  The foreigners could be manoeuvred into opposing one another– using barbarians to control barbarians  Problem: a deep-rooted intellectual-institutional inertia, conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War