安顺学院：《英语语言学基础 Foundation of English Linguistics》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）Chapter 4 Syntax

CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX

CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX

Syntax is the study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. x Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences

 Syntax is the study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.  Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences

QUTLINE 1.Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5.Transformational Rules

OUTLINE 1. Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules

1.CATEGORIES 1.1 Word-level categories 1.2 Phrase categories and their structures

1. CATEGORIES  1.1 Word-level categories  1.2 Phrase categories and their structures

1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 ×词层面的范畴，是句法学研究的最核心的范畴。 决定词的范畴的标准 A.意义MEANING B.屈折变化INFLECTION C.分布DISTRIBUTION 词的传统范畴按照词性分为8个。 词的非传统范畴：限定词(determiner.)、程度词 (degree words.)、修饰词(qualifier.)、助动词 (auxiliary.)

1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴  词层面的范畴，是句法学研究的最核心的范畴。  决定词的范畴的标准 A. 意义MEANING B. 屈折变化INFLECTION C. 分布DISTRIBUTION  词的传统范畴按照词性分为8个。  词的非传统范畴：限定词（determiner.）、程度词 （degree words.）、修饰词（qualifier.）、助动词 （auxiliary.）

1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 1口>6 ×主词汇范畴(Major lexical categories) n.V. adj.prep. ×次词汇范畴(Minor lexical categories) 限定词(Det.) a/an,the,this,those,etc. 程度词(deg-)q uite,very,more,so,mainly,etc. 修饰词(qual.)often,always,seldom,almost,etc. 助动词(auX.)must,should,can,etc. 连词(conj)and,or,but

1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴  主词汇范畴(Major lexical categories) n. v. adj. prep.  次词汇范畴(Minor lexical categories) 限定词（Det.）a/an, the, this, those, etc. 程度词（deg.）quite, very, more, so, mainly, etc. 修饰词（qual.）often, always, seldom, almost, etc. 助动词（aux.）must, should, can, etc. 连词（conj.）and, or, but

1.2 PHRASE CATEGORIES AND THEIR STRUCTURES NP the pretty girl N x VP often dream *AP very happy A x PP mainly about P

1.2 PHRASE CATEGORIES AND THEIR STRUCTURES  NP the pretty girl N  VP often dream V  AP very happy A  PP mainly about P

QUTLINE 1 Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules

OUTLINE 1. Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules

2.PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE ×NP-(DET.)N(PP) ×VP-(QUAL.)V(NP) ×AP-(DEG.)A(PP) ×PP(DEG.)P(NP)

2. PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE NP --- (DET.) N (PP) VP --- (QUAL.) V (NP) AP --- (DEG.) A (PP) PP --- (DEG.) P (NP)

NP=(PET.)N(PP) A STUDENT IN THE CLASSROOM THOSE TEACHERS IN THE MEETING ROOM THESE CHILDREN IN THE PARK

NP --- (DET.) N (PP)  A STUDENT IN THE CLASSROOM  THOSE TEACHERS IN THE MEETING ROOM  THESE CHILDRENIN THE PARK