厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（授课教案）第八章 醇和醚 Alcohols and Ethers

第章醇和醚 Alcohols and Etel

第八章 醇和醚 Alcohols and Ethers

81醇 Alcohols

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 8.1 醇 Alcohols

a Alcohols are compounds that have hydroxyl groups bonded to saturated, sp QD3 hybridized carbon atoms. This definition purposely excludes phenols (hydroxy groups bonded to an aromatic ring) and e enols(hydroxyl groups bonded to a vinylic carbon), because the chemistry of the three types of compounds is sometimes different. Alcohols can be thought of as organic derivatives of water in which one of the water hydrogens is replaced by an organic group: H-O-H versus R-O-H

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University „ Alcohols are compounds that have hydroxyl groups bonded to saturated, sp 3 - hybridized carbon atoms. This definition purposely excludes phenols (hydroxyl groups bonded to an aromatic ring) and enols (hydroxyl groups bonded to a vinylic carbon), because the chemistry of the three types of compounds is sometimes different. Alcohols can be thought of as organic derivatives of water in which one of the water hydrogens is replaced by an organic group: H O H versus R O H

醇是羟基连接在饱和sp3碳原子上的化合物。 QD3 OH OH OH C=C 醇 酚 烯醇 ■醇可看成是水分子中的一个氢原子被烃基取代所 形成的有机衍生物。 ■醇的官能团是羟基 hydroxyl group)-OH

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University ƒ醇是羟基连接在饱和sp 3碳原子上的化合物 OH C OH C C OH 醇 酚 烯 醇 „ 醇可看成是水分子中的一个氢原子被烃基取代所 形成的有机衍生物 „ 醇 的官能团是羟基(hydroxyl group) OH

a Alcohols occur widely in nature and have a a great many industrial and pharmaceutical g applications. Ethanol, for instance, is one of g the simplest yet best known of all organic substances, finding use as a fuel additive and industrial solvent, and a beverage e menthol an alcohol isolated from peppermint oil, is widely used as a flavoring and perfumery agent; and cholesterol, a a complicated-looking steroidal alcohol, has been implicated as a causative agent in heart disease

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University Alcohols occur widely in nature and have a great many industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Ethanol, for instance, is one of the simplest yet best known of all organic substances, finding use as a fuel additive, and industrial solvent, and a beverage; menthol, an alcohol isolated from peppermint oil, is widely used as a flavoring and perfumery agent; and cholesterol, a complicated-looking steroidal alcohol, has been implicated as a causative agent in heart disease

8.1.1醇的分类和结构 已3种分类方法: 云1.根据官能团所连烃基类型 RCH2oh r2ch-oH r3C-oh 伯醇 仲醇 叔醇 一级醇(19)二级醇(29)三级醇(3 primary alcohol secondary alcohol tertiary alcohol

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 8.1.1 醇的分类和结构 3 种分类方法 1. 根据官能团所连烃基类型 RCH 2 OH R 2CH OH R 3 C OH 伯醇 仲醇 叔醇 一级醇 ( 1 ) 二级醇 ( 2 ) 三级醇(3 ) primary alcohol secondary alcohol tertiary alcohol

2.根据烃基结构 饱和醇不饱和醇芳香醇 C CH3CH,,OH CH,-CHCH,OH CH2OH 3.根据羟基数目 一元醇二元醇多元醇 R-OH CH2CH2 CH2 CHCH2 OH OHOH OHOH

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 2. 根据烃基结构 饱和醇 不饱和醇 芳香醇 CH 3CH 2CH 2OH CH 2 CHCH 2OH CH 2OH 3. 根据羟基数目 一元醇 二元醇 多元醇 R OH CH 2CH 2 CH 2CHCH 2 OH OH OH OHOH

不稳定的醇 QD3 CH2-CH-OH CHac-h OH CH3Ch CH3C-H+ H2O OH OH CHr-c-ch CH3-C-CH+ H,O OH OH 9 CH3CH CHrC-H +hcl CI

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 不稳定的醇 CH 2 CH OH CH 3 C O H CH 3CH OH OH CH 3 C O H C OH OH CH 3 CH 3 C O CH 3 CH 3 CH 3CH OH Cl CH 3 C O H + H 2 O + H 2 O + H C l

醇的结构 已C,O都是sp3杂化

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 醇的结构 C O都是sp 3杂化 H H H H

81.2醇的命名和物理性质 1.普通命名 了D 中文:将相应烷烃名称中的烷→醇, 英文:烃基名+ alcohol OH 2 CH3 CH2 CH2CH2OH (CH3 )2CHCH2OH CH3 CH2CHCH 正丁醇 异丁醇 仲丁醇 n-Butyl alcohol iso-Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol D(1-Butanol (2-Methyl-1-propanol) (2-Butanol)

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 8.1.2 醇的命名和物理性质 1. 普通命名 中文 将相应烷烃名称中的 烷 醇 英文 烃基名 alcohol CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH 正丁醇 (C H 3 ) 2CHCH 2OH 异丁醇 n- B utyl alco h ol is o - B utyl alcoh o l (1-Butano l ) ( 2 - M ethyl-1-pro p anol) CH 3CH 2CHCH 3 仲丁醇 s e c - B u t y l a l cohol (2-Butano l ) OH