厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（授课教案）第二章 烷烃及其构象 Alkanes, Cycloalkanes And Their Conformations

Alkanes Cycloalkanes And Their Conformations

第二章 烷烃、环烷烃 及其构象 Alkanes, Cycloalkanes And Their Conformations

2.1链烷烃 Alkanes

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 2.1 链烷烃 Alkanes

Introduction to alkanes and cycloalkanes The family of organic compounds called hydrocarbons can be divided s into several groups on the basis of the type of bond that exists between the individual carbon atoms

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University Introduction to alkanes and cycloalkanes The family of organic compounds called hydrocarbons can be divided into several groups on the basis of the type of bond that exists between the individual carbon atoms

Q All of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds alkanes Contain a carbon -carbon double bond - alkenes With a carbon-carbon triple bond- alkynes Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University „ All of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds —— alkanes „ Contain a carbon-carbon double bond —— alkenes „ With a carbon-carbon triple bond —— alkynes „ Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring

到211链烷烃的结构及其同分异构现象 Structure and isomerism

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 2.1.1 链烷烃的结构及其同分异构现象 Structure and isomerism

1.几个基本概念 烃( Hydrocarbons) 饱和烃 Saturated hydrocarbons 链烷烃的通式( General formula) n2n+2 n同系列( Homologous series) 同系物( Homologs ⑨D

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 1. 几个基本概念 „ 烃(Hydocarbons) „ 饱和烃(Saturated hydrocarbons) „ 链烷烃的通式(General formula) C n H2n+2 „ 同系列(Homologous series) „ 同系物(Homologs)

Alkanes are often described as saturated hydrocarbons a Hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon and hydrogen Saturated because they have only C-C and c-h single bonds e Alkanes are also occasionally referred to as aliphatic compounds, a name derived from the Greek aleiphas, meaning"fat

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University Alkanes are often described as saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes are often described as saturated hydrocarbons „ Hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon and hydrogen. „ Saturated because they have only C －C and C －H single bonds. „ Alkanes are also occasionally referred to as aliphatic compounds, a name derived from the Greek aleiphas, meaning “fat

a Straight-chain alkanes(normal alkanes) carbons are connected in a row a Branched-chain alkanes- carbon chains branch somers- from greek isos t meros meaning" made of the same parts Isomers are compounds that have the same numbers and kinds of atoms but that differ in the way these atoms are arranged

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University „ Straight-chain alkanes (normal alkanes) — —carbons are connected in a row. „ Branched-chain alkanes —— carbon chains branch. „ Isomers —— from Greek isos + meros meaning “made of the same parts” — — Isomers are compounds that have the same numbers and kinds of atoms but that differ in the way these atoms are arranged

2。烷烃的结构特征 可碳原子都是s3杂化,呈四面体结构 键角约为1095° _CC键的平均键长为154pm,C—H键的 平均键长为107pm H 09.5 109.5 H H A--CH H H

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 2. 烷烃的结构特征 „ 碳原子都是 sp3 杂化 ，呈四面体结构 „ 键角约为109.5 ° „ C —C 键的平均键长为154pm ， C —H 键的 平均键长为107pm H C H H H H C H H H 109.5 109.5

3.烷烃的构象 Conformation) 引m构象:由单键旋转所产生的分子中原子或 基团在空间的特定排列形式。 ③■构象异构体( Conformers):由单键旋转 而产生的异构体。 单键旋转会产生无数个构象,它们互为构 g象异构体

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 3. 烷烃的构象(Conformation) „ 构象：由单键旋转所产生的分子中原子或 基团在空间的特定排列形式。 „ 构象异构体(Conformers) ：由单键旋转 而产生的异构体。 „ 单键旋转会产生无数个构象，它们互为构 象异构体