厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（授课教案）第十九章 碳水化合物 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

第十九章碳水化合物 Carbohydrates

第十九章 碳水化合物 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates 9- Carbohydrates are everywhere in nature They occur in every living organism and are essential to life The word carbohydrate derives historically from the fact that glucose, has the molecular formula c6H12O6 and was originally thought to be a hydrate of carbon", C6 (H2O)6

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University Carbohydrates „ Carbohydrates are everywhere in nature. They occur in every living organism and are essential to life. „ The word carbohydrate derives historically from the fact that glucose, has the molecular formula C 6 H12 O 6 and was originally thought to be a “hydrate of carbon”, C 6(H 2O) 6

3- Today, the term carbohydrate is used to efer loosely to the broad class of polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones commonly call sugars CHO H OH HO--H OH Glucose H-oh a pentahydroxylhexose CHoO

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University „ Today, the term carbohydrate is used to refer loosely to the broad class of polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones commonly call sugars. CHO H OH HO H H OH H OH CH 2OH Glucose, a pentahydroxylhexose

a- Carbohydrates are synthesized by green plants during photosynthesis Q- More than 50% of the dry weight of the earth's biomass consists of glucose polymers Carbohydrates acts as the chemical intermediaries by which solar energy is stored and used to support life 光照 CO HO ①D Cellulose Starch ⑨D 光合作用

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University „ Carbohydrates are synthesized by green plants during photosynthesis. „ More than 50% of the dry weight of the earth’s biomass consists of glucose polymers. „ Carbohydrates acts as the chemical intermediaries by which solar energy is stored and used to support life. CO 2 H 2 O 光照 O 2 C 6 H12 O 6 光合作用 Cellulose Starch

191碳水化合物的分类 Classification of Carbohydrates

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 19.1 碳水化合物的分类 Classification of Carbohydrates

碳水化合物:多羟基醛(酮或通过简单水解可形成 多羟基醛(酮)的化合物。 戊醛糖 Aldopentose 醛糖 Aldoses 己醛糖 单糖 Aldohexose 戊酮糖 酮糖↓ Ketopentose 碳水化合物了低聚糖Ke己酮糖 2~10个单糖) Ketohexose 多糖 >10个单糖)

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 碳水化合物：多羟基醛 ( 酮 )或通过简单水解可形成 多羟基醛 ( 酮 )的化合物。 单 糖 低聚糖 多 糖 碳水化合物 醛糖 酮糖 戊醛糖 A ldos e s 己醛糖 Ke t o s e s A ldohe x o s e Ke t o h e x o s e Ke t o p entos e A ldop ent o s e 戊酮糖 己酮糖 (2 ～10个单糖 ) (> 1 0个单糖 )

192单糖的结构和构型 Structures and Configurations of Monosaccharide

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University 19.2 单糖的结构和构型 Structures and Configurations of Monosaccharide

Fischer Projections CHO CHO CHO H OH OH HO H HO OH OH OH OH CHOH CHOH CH,OH The carbonyl carbon is always placed either at the top or near the top when showing the Fischer projection of a carbohydrate

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University Fischer Projections CHO H OH HO H H OH H OH CH 2OH CHO OH HO OH OH CH 2OH CHO CH 2OH „ The carbonyl carbon is always placed either at the top or near the top when showing the Fischer projection of a carbohydrate

D, L Sugars CHO CHOH CHO H OH OH HO-H HO oH CHO HH OH H-OH H-OH H OH HOH H-OH H-OH Choh CHOH CH,OH CH2OH D-Glyceraldehyde D-Ribose D-Glucose D-Fructose 2 R-(+)-Glyceraldehyde

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University D,L Sugars CHO H OH CH 2OH CHO H OH H OH H OH CH 2OH CHO H OH HO H H OH H OH CH 2OH CH 2OH O HO H H OH H OH CH 2OH D-Gl y ceral d e hy d e D -Rib o s e D-Glu c o s e D-F ru cto s e R-(+)-Glyceraldehyde

D, L Sugars CHO CHO HO H H OH H OH HO H CHO HO H HH OH HO HO→H OH CHOH CHOH CHOH L-Glyceraldehyde L-Glucose D-Glucose 2 s-(-)-Glyceraldehyde

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Xiamen Xiamen University University D,L Sugars CHO HO H CH 2OH L -Glyceral d ehyd e CHO H OH HO H H OH H OH CH 2OH D-Glu c o s e CHO HO H H OH HO H HO H CH 2OH L- G luc o s e S-(-)-Glyceraldehyde