《学科英语》课程教学资源（讲义）ABSTRACT FORMAT——- COMMON ISSUES ——- TRANSLATION

THEABSTRACTFORMAT-ISSUES-TRANSLATION1.FORMAT英文摘要对于中文科技期刊及论文进入国际交流至关重要，是通过检索机构及二次文献实现国际报道的第一信息源。英文摘要应是中文摘要的转译。高质量的摘要英译对于增加中文科技期刊和论文的被检索和摘引率、吸引读者、扩大学术影响显然意义重大。Two Types of AbstractDescriptiveAbstract（说明性摘要）InformativeAbstract（资料性摘要）2.Descriptive AbstractA descriptive abstract gives a generic description of the subjects coveredbutdoesnot provideanyspecificdetails.Descriptiveabstractsareonlyappropriateforreviewarticles.Theyareinherentlyvague3.FormatBackground (context, purpose, researchgap)Method(s)ResultsandDiscussionsConclusions

THE ABSTRACT FORMAT - ISSUES - TRANSLATION 1. FORMAT 英文摘要对于中文科技期刊及论文进入国际交流至关重要，是通过检 索机构及二次文献实现国际报道的第一信息源。英文摘要应是中文摘 要的转译。高质量的摘要英译对于增加中文科技期刊和论文的被检索 和摘引率、吸引读者、扩大学术影响显然意义重大。 Two Types of Abstract Descriptive Abstract (说明性摘要） Informative Abstract (资料性摘要） 2. Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract gives a generic description of the subjects covered but does not provide any specific details. Descriptive abstracts are only appropriate for review articles. They are inherently vague. 3. Format Background (context, purpose, research gap) Method(s) Results and Discussions Conclusions

牌的翻的一部分，始终活跃在该书由北京服装学院专业教师案例分中。服装文化源远流长团队合力打造，四位编者均系北京服服装英，朝代的更选、经济的装学院外语系教师，主要研究方向为进步、地区的跨越等诸翻译的中外服饰文化比较和服饰文化翻译。都能从服装本身上寻觅业者将近几年，他们共主持、完成省部级和切也都成就着服装文化首都服饰文化与服装产业研究基地科当前经济的发展、国际研项目十余项，主编了数部相关教材，加深，服装行业也需要位于服装在中外服饰文化的研究和传播方面有我国优秀的服装设计、补了当定的建树。 鉴于服装英语翻译是一与此同时我们也要多种专业应用性很强的翻译门类，属于为一本其他国家或经典或时尚广义上的非文学翻译范畴。它在遵循当前该及服装行业的先进理念、英语翻译的一般规律的前提下，又具究成果长补短。在这一行业发有极强的自身专业性特点，跨学科特理论性下，服装专业学生对于征极为明显，广泛融合了服装面料、书目来习就显得十分必要。但制作工艺、服装款式、服饰设计、服备不时国情来看，针对该专业装营销等服装行业的专业知识，需要研究新乎都是《服装英语》翻译者具备较深的本专业素养及知识翻译标会保障出版社2012年1储备。因而本书的出现极为必要，能该书理实用服装英语》（东华够帮助读者将服装英语的理论知识与巧妙结吉005年6月出版）之类实践过程结合起来，更准确的展开翻因而该地配套专业书籍，因而译与学习。就整体内容而言，本书实有助于完专业教师团队—郭用易学，适合服装专业师生以及服装该书不肖海蒸、张慧琴四人合行业的从业人员广泛阅读。理论性服装英语翻译教程《服语翻译仑》（中国纺织出版社二、研究方法与学术价值评析关翻译4InformativeAbstractAn informative abstract presents essential details of the research: thepurpose, methods, scope of the paper, results,conclusions andrecommendations

4 Informative Abstract An informative abstract presents essential details of the research: the purpose, methods, scope of the paper, results, conclusions and recommendations

Informativeabstractsareappropriateforresearchpapers.The specificdetailsgivea clear representation ofwhat is inthepaperstoenable the reader to make an informed assessment of whether thatpaper is relevant, useful or novelInRA,thereare2kindsofabstracts,oneisRESULT-DRIVENabstract,theother is SUMMARY abstract. The former concentrates on researchfindings and what might be concluded form them, and the later providesfollowinginformation:1.background ofthestudy2.primaryresearchobjecttives3.methods4.findingsorresultsobtained5.conclusionAn abstract is to the readers a"preview"of what is to come, it should beshort, just a single paragraph containing from 4 to 1o sentences(about2oo words).The basic requirement is clear, concise and informative.Andalso, the opening and concluding statement are in the present tense orpresent perfect tense.Results areexpressed in the pasttense.See examples below:

Informative abstracts are appropriate for research papers. The specific details give a clear representation of what is in the papers to enable the reader to make an informed assessment of whether that paper is relevant, useful or novel. In RA, there are 2 kinds of abstracts, one is RESULT-DRIVEN abstract, the other is SUMMARY abstract. The former concentrates on research findings and what might be concluded form them, and the later provides following information: 1.background of the study 2.primary research objecttives 3.methods 4.findings or results obtained 5.conclusion An abstract is to the readers a “preview” of what is to come, it should be short, just a single paragraph containing from 4 to 10 sentences( about 200 words). The basic requirement is clear, concise and informative.And also, the opening and concluding statement are in the present tense or present perfect tense. Results are expressed in the past tense. See examples below:

Chinese Gatekeeper Perceptions of Genetically Modified FoodsAbstractObjectiveTheurpoefthisstudystoinvestigatpercptionffooddistributiongateerinChinaregardinglikelyacceptancefGMfoodsbyChineseconsumersItalsoaimstoconsiderpolicy implications forfood exporting countries,Method-An exploratory approach using in-depth interviews was adopted.Key informants ofasampleof 20 companies infivemain.commercial centres in themainland ofChina and in the HongKong Special Administrative Region were interviewed.In addition,two interviews were conductedwith akeygovernmentoficialand aprofessorataleading agriculturaluniversity inordertoprovidedetails of Chinesegovernment's policy.Findings -According to gatekeepers, Chinese consumers currently have ambiguous views of GMfoodproductsItisconcludedthatChinseconsumrsarelikelyoacceGMfoodsproviddtheare consumerbenefits,a priceadvantage,and crediblegovernmental information concerning safetyofGMfoods.Limitations/Implications-Chinesegovernment'spolicy istotakeadvantageofawindowofpporunity poviddbymarketsuchas JapaandEurpewhichresentypreertomportonGMfoodsatthesametimeChinaisdevelopingfullpotentialtogrowGMcrops justassoonasexternalmarketconditionschange.CurrentbarrierstotheexportofGMfood productstoChinaarelikely to be short-term.Originality/Value-This paperprovidesaninsight intohow gatekeepers inthefooddistributionchanninChnviewGMfoodsndhowthyelieveChineonumerswilleactintroduction of such foods.EAP（学米语理工（第二瓶）208

Socio-cultural practices inrelation tobreastfeeding,weaning and childrearingamong Indian mothers and assessment of nutritional status of children underfivein rural IndiaAbstract862BackgroundBreastfeeding and weaning practices vary among different regions andcommunities.InIndia,breastfeeding inrural areas appears to be shaped by thebeliefsoaommunitywhicharurthrinfluencedbyocial,cultural,andonomicfacorMalnutrition is often associated with inappropriate feeding practices.This study wasundertaken with an aim to investigate feeding and weaning practices along with thenutritional status of children underfive in rural Maharashtra, IndiaMethodA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Pravara Rural Hospital,Loni from February 2009 to September 2009.A structured questionnaire was used tointerview300mothers of childrenbetween age group0-5years attending immunizationclinic and Paediatric O.P.D. Clinical examination of the children was performed.Information was collected on socio-demographic characteristics,breastfeeding andweaningpractices.ResultsThere were61.3%male children and 37.3%female children.Ahighly significantassociation withmalnutrition was associated withmother'seducational status,family'ssocio economic status and family structure.However,no significant association withmalnutrition was noted with religion.Highly significant association was noted betweenthemothers'educational status and the time of initiation as well as duration of breastfeeding and also with the time of initiation of complementary feeding.It was observedthatonly 43%children could belabelled as normal while57%fell in various grades ofmalnutritionConclusionThe critical window of the first five years of life highlights the importance ofappropriatefeeding and weaning practices in infants and toddlers.Formost problemsrelated tomalnutritionmaybetackled by engendering awareness inruralmothers andtherebypromotinghealthyeating2. COMMON ISSUES(1) BEFORE --- AFTER ?(2)STRUCTUREa.为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？

2. COMMON ISSUES (1) BEFORE - AFTER ? (2) STRUCTURE a. 为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？

b.做了什么工作？如何实现的？c.研究的结果是什么？和前人的研究相比，有哪些创新点？d.研究中的发现有什么意义？得出的结论和建议是什么？在摘要中选定的内容，能够帮助你决定论文各个章节中最需要突出的重点。这里要强调的是，摘要中内容的不同罗列顺序，给读者的感觉会有很大不同，不宜随意调整。(3) THEOPENING比较常见的开头方式是：“Thispaperdealswith.."，“The aimof thispaper..", "This article explores..", "We report..","In this paper/study, wepresent/conduct..".这种开头不能说不好，而是太过普通。如果直接使用，很难使你的论文在成千上万文章中脱颖而出。普通开头：inthisstudy,wepresentahighlyinnovativeprocedurefortheanalysisof the content of //organic materials present in archeological samples.The procedure allows the identification of a wide variety of materialswithinthe samemicro sample.修改后：Archeological samples used for identifying organic materials are bynecessity extremely small.Wehavefounda way,which we believe isthefirst of its kind, to accurately identify glycerolipids, natural waxes,proteinaceous, resinous and polysaccharide materials within the same

b. 做了什么工作？如何实现的？ c. 研究的结果是什么？和前人的研究相比，有哪些创新点？ d. 研究中的发现有什么意义？得出的结论和建议是什么？ 在摘要中选定的内容，能够帮助你决定论文各个章节中最需要突 出的重点。这里要强调的是，摘要中内容的不同罗列顺序，给读 者的感觉会有很大不同，不宜随意调整。 (3) THE OPENING 比较常见的开头方式是：“This paper deals with.”, “The aim of this paper.”, “This article explores.”, “We report.”, “In this paper/study, we present/conduct.”. 这种开头不能说不好，而是太过普通。如果直接使用，很难使你的论文在成千上 万文章中脱颖而出。 普通开头： ◎In this study, we present a highly innovative procedure for the analysis of the content of //organic materials present in archeological samples. The procedure allows the identification of a wide variety of materials within the same micro sample. 修改后： ◎Archeological samples used for identifying organic materials are by necessity extremely small. We have found a way, which we believe is the first of its kind, to accurately identify glycerolipids, natural waxes, proteinaceous, resinous and polysaccharide materials within the same

microsamplES修改前的摘要开头，读者需要阅读16个词（到//为止）才能接触到提示真正研究内容的关键词。而这16个词，他们可能在很多文章中阅读过成千上万遍，不能提供任何有效信息，已经阅读疲劳了。修改后的版本可以使读者直截了当的看到作者研究的主要内容。同时，用thefirstof itskind强调了研究的首创性（注意不是用highlyinnovative这类空泛的描述）。(4)摘要中使用的人称Style A:Ifound thatStyleB: Wefound thatStyle C:It wasfoundthatStyleD:Theauthorsfoundthat3. TRANSLATION摘要应当言简意地概括原文的主要观点：摘要应当客观、准确地代表原文内容，不能添加或缩减重要内容；(1)ACURATEWORDING(2)PASSIVEVOICE(3) TENSE VARIATION(4) CONTENTAND FUNCTIONALWORDS尽量避免在具体名称后使用类似“系统”“工程”、“算法”、“模型”、“公式”等之类的虚词。REGARDINGCOVIC-19...In Statistical Machine Translation,effective selection of training data can generallyreduce the burden of system training and decoding. To addressing this issue, wepropose a framework to select a small portion from the whole training data set forSMT by considering both coverage and sentence pair quality

micro samplES 修改前的摘要开头，读者需要阅读 16 个词（到//为止）才能接触到 提示真正研究内容的关键词。而这 16 个词，他们可能在很多文章中 阅读过成千上万遍，不能提供任何有效信息，已经阅读疲劳了。 修改后的版本可以使读者直截了当的看到作者研究的主要内容。同 时，用 the first of its kind 强调了研究的首创性（注意不是用 highly innovative 这类空泛的描述）。 (4) 摘要中使用的人称 Style A：I found that Style B：We found that Style C：It was found that Style D：The authors found that 3. TRANSLATION 摘要应当言简意赅地概括原文的主要观点； 摘要应当客观、准确地代表原文内容，不能添加或缩减重要内容； (1) ACURATE WORDING (2) PASSIVE VOICE (3) TENSE VARIATION (4) CONTENT AND FUNCTIONAL WORDS 尽量避免在具体名称后使用类似“系统”“工程”、“算法”、“模型”、“公式” 等之类的虚词。 REGARDING COVIC-19. In Statistical Machine Translation，effective selection of training data can generally reduce the burden of system training and decoding．To addressing this issue，we propose a framework to select a small portion from the whole training data set for SMT by considering both coverage and sentence pair quality

译文：在机器翻译领域，有效选取数据训练通常可以降低系统训练和解码的负担。为了解决这个问题，通过考虑覆盖度和句对质量两方面因素，我们提出一种从全部训练数据集中抽取一小部分用于机器翻译的方法。PROCTICE1、理解翻译材料确定翻译材料后，大量阅读中文与之相关的文本，包括网上的有关的中文论文，理解专业词汇的概念与中文表达法。2、确定专业术语麦克贝思电脑配色系统：MACBETHCLOR-EYE”COMPUTERCOLOR-MATCHINGSYSTEM打枣车/套结BARTACKM/C光照色牢度：LIGHTCOLORFASTNESS汗渍色牢度：PERSPIRATIONCOLORFASTNESSaxial vector 轴矢[量]ballisticcurve弹道ballisticpendulum弹道摆ballistic pendulum impulse test 弹道摆测比冲试验3.LANGUAGESTRCTUREPRACTICE1.AReviewofChinese-EnglishTranslationofScientificPaperAbstractsXIA Li(School of Foreign Languages, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China)Abstract:This paper reviews previous studies on Chinese-English translation ofscientific paper abstracts.Severalfeatures are found.First,a large part ofexistingstudiesareconducted byjournal editors,andaregenerallysummariesof commonlanguageproblemsanderroranalyses.Second,inrecentyears,developmentofempirical research has given rise to some corpus-based studies on ChineseEnglish translation ofscientific paperabstracts.Third,howtouse sometranslationtools to address problems in the translation of scientific paper abstracts isdiscussed.The translation methods,strategies and principles are alsoexamined.Fourth,successful management experiences of abstract translation bysometopChinese journalsare alsoreported.Based ontheaboveanalysis,thispapersuggests some possible directions for future researchin this field

译文：在机器翻译领域，有效选取数据训练通常可以降低系统训练和解码的负担。 为了解决这个问题，通过考虑覆盖度和句对质量两方面因素，我们提出一种从全 部训练数据集中抽取一小部分用于机器翻译的方法。 PROCTICE 1、理解翻译材料 确定翻译材料后，大量阅读中文与之相关的文本，包括网上的有关的中文论 文，理解专业词汇的概念与中文表达法。 2、确定专业术语 麦克贝思电脑配色系统： MACBETH “ CLOR – EYE ” COMPUTER COLOR – MATCHING SYSTEM 打枣车/套结 BARTACK M/C 光照色牢度： LIGHT COLOR FASTNESS 汗渍色牢度： PERSPIRATION COLOR FASTNESS axial vector 轴矢[量] ballistic curve 弹道 ballistic pendulum 弹道摆 ballistic pendulum impulse test 弹道摆测比冲试验 3. LANGUAGE STRCTURE PRACTICE 1. A Ｒeview of Chinese－English Translation of Scientific Paper Abstracts XIA Li (School of Foreign Languages，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China) Abstract: This paper reviews previous studies on Chinese－English translation of scientific paper abstracts． Several features are found． First，a large part of existing studies are conducted by journal editors，and are generally summaries of common language problems and error analyses． Second，in recent years，development of empirical research has given rise to some corpus－based studies on Chinese－ English translation of scientific paper abstracts． Third，how to use some translation tools to address problems in the translation of scientific paper abstracts is discussed ． The translation methods ， strategies and principles are also examined． Fourth，successful management experiences of abstract translation by some top Chinese journals are also reported．Based on the above analysis，this paper suggests some possible directions for future research in this field．

Keywords:scientificpaper;abstract;ChineseEnglishtranslationTRANSLATION1摘要：文章对科技论文摘要汉英翻译的前期研究进行了浏览。发现了几个特点。第一，很大一部分现存研究是由期刊编辑进行的，而且是一般的语言问题和错误分析。第二，近年来，经验主义研究的发展引起了科技论文摘要汉英翻译的不少基于语料库的研究；第三，讨论了科技论文摘要翻译中如何利用翻译工具来解决问题。翻译方法、策略及原则也进行了检验。第四，报道了一些优秀的中文科技期刊摘要翻译的成功经验。基于以上分析，文章建议了本领域未来继续研究可能的方向。（关键词）科技论文；摘要；汉英翻译TRANSLATION2.摘要：文章对科技论文摘要汉英翻译研究的现状与特点进行了梳理。结果发现，已有研究有很大一部分是期刊编辑对摘要英译的错误统计与分析；近年来，还出现了不少基于语料库的相关研究;少数研究探讨了如何利用翻译辅助手段来解决摘要英译中的一些问题，以及相关翻译方法、策略及原则的总结;还有少量报道介绍了一些优秀的中文科技期刊如何处理摘要英译的成功经验。在此基础上，文章还尝试指出未来可继续研究的一些方向。（关键词）科技论文摘要；汉英翻译2.Data-driven and automated prediction of service level agreement violationsinservicecompositionsAbstract:Service Level Agreements(SLAs),i.e.,contractuallybinding agreementsbetween service providers and clients, are gaining momentum as the maindiscriminatingfactorbetween service implementations.Forproviders，SLAcompliance is ofutmost importance,asviolations typically leadtopenalty payments

Key words: scientific paper; abstract; Chinese－English translation TRANSLATION 1. 摘要: 文章对科技论文摘要汉英翻译的前期研究进行了浏览。发现了几个特点。 第一，很大一部分现存研究是由期刊编辑进行的，而且是一般的语言问题和错误 分析。第二，近年来， 经验主义研究的发展引起了科技论文摘要汉英翻译的不 少基于语料库的研究; 第三，讨论了科技论文摘要翻译中如何利用翻译工具来解 决问题。翻译方法、策略及原则也进行了检验。第四，报道了一些优秀的中文科 技期刊摘要翻译的成功经验。基于以上分析，文章建议了本领域未来继续研究可 能的方向。 〔关键词〕 科技论文;摘要;汉英翻译 TRANSLATION 2. 摘要: 文章对科技论文摘要汉英翻译研究的现状与特点进行了梳理。结果发现， 已有研究有很大一部分是期刊编辑对摘要英译的错误统计与分析;近年来，还出 现了不少基于语料库的相关研究;少数研究探讨了如何利用翻译辅助手段来解决 摘要英译中的一些问题，以及相关翻译方法、策略及原则的总结;还有少量报道 介绍了一些优秀的中文科技期刊如何处理摘要英译的成功经验。在此基础上， 文 章还尝试指出未来可继续研究的一些方向。 〔关键词〕 科技论文;摘要;汉英翻译 2.Data-driven and automated prediction of service level agreement violations in service compositions Abstract: Service Level Agreements(SLAs)，i．e．，contractually binding agreements between service providers and clients，are gaining momentum as the main discriminating factor between service implementations ． For providers ， SLA compliance is of utmost importance，as violations typically lead to penalty payments

orreducedcustomersatisfaction.Inthispaper,wediscussapproachestopredictviolations a priori.This allows operators totake timely remedialactions,and preventSLA violations before they have occurred.We discuss data-driven,statisticalapproaches for both,instancelevel prediction(SLA compliance prediction for anongoing business process instance)and forecasting(compliance prediction for futureinstances).Wepresentanintegratedframework,andnumericallyevaluateourapproach based on a casestudyfromthemanufacturingdomain.Keywords:Servicecomposition;Servicelevelagreements;Qualityprediction服务组合中违反服务水平协议的数据驱动与自动化预测摘要：服务水平协议，即互联网服务供应商与客户端达成的合约型的协议，它是服务实现上一个主要的可辨别因素并且快速发展。对于程序供应商来说，服务水平协议是非常重要的，若违反其中规定将导致罚款或是降低顾客满意度。此论文笔者将探讨推理违例行为的方法，这就使得运营商可以及时的采取措施，在违例行为发生前将它阻止。我们将讨论数据驱动，统计数量的方法来进行两种预测，实例等级预测(服务等级预测正在为进行中的业务处理实例进行预测，和未来预测(对即将发生的实例进行预测)。本文将提供一个集成框架，以制造业的案例为例，用数字来对笔者采取的方法进行评估。关键词：服务组合：服务水平协议：质量预测

or reduced customer satisfaction．In this paper,we discuss approaches to predict violations a priori．This allows operators to take timely remedial actions，and prevent SLA violations before they have occurred．We discuss data-driven，statistical approaches for both，instance—level prediction(SLA compliance prediction for an ongoing business process instance)and forecasting(compliance prediction for future instances)．We present an integrated framework，and numerically evaluate our approach based on a case study from the manufacturing domain． Keywords：Service composition；Service level agreements；Quality prediction 服务组合中违反服务水平协议的数据驱动与自动化预测 摘要：服务水平协议，即互联网服务供应商与客户端达成的合约型的协议，它是服务实现上 一个主要的可辨别因素并且快速发展。对于程序供应商来说，服务水平协议是非常重要的， 若违反其中规定将导致罚款或是降低顾客满意度。此论文笔者将探讨推理违例行为的方法， 这就使得运营商可以及时的采取措施，在违例行为发生前将它阻止。我们将讨论数据驱动， 统计数量的方法来进行两种预测，实例等级预测(服务等级预测正在为进行中的业务处理实 例进行预测)，和未来预测(对即将发生的实例进行预测)。本文将提供一个集成框架，以制造 业的案例为例，用数字来对笔者采取的方法进行评估。 关键词：服务组合；服务水平协议；质量预测