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《学科英语》课程教学资源(讲义)TRANSLATION - SECTION ONE

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《学科英语》课程教学资源(讲义)TRANSLATION - SECTION ONE
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学科英语翻译部分第一讲:语言特征第一部分:WHATTRANSLATIONMEANS(什么是翻译)一、翻译概述1.Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic,cross- cultural and cross-socialcommunication2.Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into anotherTo say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author bymeans of a language different fromthe original.翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说,它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。3. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly interms of style.""所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。总而言之:1.翻译包括口译和笔译。在笔译中,又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等。2.翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。3.因而,翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学,它既带有创造性,又带有科学性,它是用语言表达的一门艺术,是科学性的再创作。二、翻译障碍(可以自己找本专业相关的例子填充上,每项一个)1.缺乏基本的翻译常识作为公共英语学习者,由于客观条件的限制,在英语学习的过程中很少或根本就没有进行过系统的翻译训练,更缺乏对翻译要求以及翻译过程等一些常识性的知识的了解。2.对于英译汉翻译技巧知之甚少任何事情都有其内在的规律,翻译也不例外,应掌握一些英译汉过程中经常采用的翻译技巧,注意体会英语和汉语之间的差异,并总结其中的翻译规律。3.对句子理解不透对于翻译练习的句子,要仔细分析它们的语言结构,尤其是要注意那些具有定语从句等复杂语法现象的复合句,应分析好句子结构并真正理解之后,再动手翻译。4:汉语表达不清,缺乏中文表达能力英译汉是英语和汉语两种语言之间的转化,要求汉语准确完整,符合汉语的表达习惯,因此,应该注意训练自己的汉语表达能力。5.有些代词翻译得不够明确1

1 学科英语 翻译部分 第一讲:语言特征 第一部分:WHAT TRANSLATION MEANS(什么是翻译) 一、翻译概述 1. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, cross- cultural and cross-social communication. 2. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说,它是用与原作不同 的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。 3. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” 所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语 义上,其次在文体上。 总而言之: 1.翻译包括口译和笔译。在笔译中,又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻 译和应用文翻译等等。 2. 翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。 3. 因而,翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学,它既带有创造性,又带有科 学性,它是用语言表达的一门艺术,是科学性的再创作。 二、翻译障碍(可以自己找本专业相关的例子填充上,每项一个) 1.缺乏基本的翻译常识 作为公共英语学习者, 由于客观条件的限制, 在英语学习的过程中很少或根本就 没有进行过系统的翻译训练, 更缺乏对翻译要求以及翻译过程等一些常识性的 知识的了解。 2.对于英译汉翻译技巧知之甚少 任何事情都有其内在的规律, 翻译也不例外, 应掌握一些英译汉过程中经常采用 的翻译技巧, 注意体会英语和汉语之间的差异, 并总结其中的翻译规律。 3.对句子理解不透 对于翻译练习的句子, 要仔细分析它们的语言结构, 尤其是要注意那些具有定语 从句等复杂语法现象的复合句, 应分析好句子结构并真正理解之后,再动手翻译。 4.汉语表达不清, 缺乏中文表达能力 英译汉是英语和汉语两种语言之间的转化, 要求汉语准确完整,符合汉语的表达 习惯, 因此, 应该注意训练自己的汉语表达能力。 5.有些代词翻译得不够明确

语言的使用总是发生在一定的语言环境之中,在语言的使用过程中,为了避免重复,往往需要使用一些代词来代替前面所提到的人或物,在翻译的过程中,应该仔细地阅读全文,找出英语代词所指代的人或物,并尽量明确地把它们翻译出来。而且,还要把代词翻译成它(们)所指代的名词、短语。第二部分:学科英语的语言特征主要从词汇、句子和语篇三部分来阐述一下学科英语的语言特征一、词汇部分的特征1.词汇的来源1.1专业化的词汇1.2普通词语专业化的词汇,比如:Work(工作,功),title(标题,视盘)1.3新构成的词汇,比如:hormone,allergy1.4借用来的词汇,gene(基因,来源于德语)2.词汇的构成:2.1合成法:就是两个或者两个以上的旧词合成的新词。比如:thunderstorm(雷暴),pulse-scaler(脉冲定位器)2.2混成法:即将两个词中在拼写或者读音上比较适合的部分,“去尾、掐头”,加以叠加混合而成,兼有两个词的意思。比如:smog(烟雾)=smoke+fog,gravisphere(引力作用范围)=gravity+sphere2.3词缀法即利用词缀(前缀或者后缀)作为词素构成新词。比如:biochemistry=biology+chemistry,2.4缩略法即将某一词组中主要词的第一字母组成新词的构词方法。laser-light-amplification by stimulated emission ofradiation2.5符号法(signs)&:and,和/:and或or,“和”或“或”$:dollar,美元lb:pound,英镑¥:yuan,元,RMB2.6字母形象法(lettersymbolizing)U-pipe:U形管X-ray:X射线V-belt:V带特别说明:词类转换多即在翻译时将英文的某种词类译成汉语的另一词类。产生这一现象的根本原因在于英汉两种语言在表达方式上有很大差别,因此在翻译时,应符合各自的表达习惯。比如:The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance2

2 语言的使用总是发生在一定的语言环境之中, 在语言的使用过程中, 为了避免重 复, 往往需要使用一些代词来代替前面所提到的人或物, 在翻译的过程中, 应该 仔细地阅读全文, 找出英语代词所指代的人或物, 并尽量明确地把它们翻译出来。 而且,还要把代词翻译成它(们)所指代的名词、短语。 第二部分:学科英语的语言特征 主要从词汇、句子和语篇三部分来阐述一下学科英语的语言特征 一、词汇部分的特征 1. 词汇的来源 1.1 专业化的词汇 1.2 普通词语专业化的词汇,比如:work(工作,功),title(标题,视盘) 1.3 新构成的词汇,比如:hormone, allergy 1.4 借用来的词汇,gene(基因,来源于德语) 2. 词汇的构成: 2.1 合成法:就是两个或者两个以上的旧词合成的新词。 比如:thunderstorm(雷暴),pulse-scaler(脉冲定位器) 2.2 混成法:即将两个词中在拼写或者读音上比较适合的部分,“去尾、掐头”, 加以叠加混合而成,兼有两个词的意思。 比如:smog(烟雾)=smoke+fog, gravisphere(引力作用范围)=gravity+sphere 2.3 词缀法即利用词缀(前缀或者后缀)作为词素构成新词。 比如:biochemistry=biology+chemistry, 2.4 缩略法 即将某一词组中主要词的第一字母组成新词的构词方法。 laser=light-amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 2.5 符号法(signs) &: and,和/: and 或 or,“和”或“或” $: dollar,美元 lb: pound,英镑 ¥: yuan,元,RMB 2.6 字母形象法(letter symbolizing) U-pipe:U 形管 X-ray:X 射线 V-belt: V 带 特别说明: 词类转换多 即在翻译时将英文的某种词类译成汉语的另一词类。产生这一现象的根本原因在 于英汉两种语言在表达方式上有很大差别,因此在翻译时,应符合各自的表达习 惯。 比如: The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance

操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。此外,新词、缩略词不断出现,构词手法灵活多变。二、句子部分的特征2.1大量使用被动语态例:The curve appropriate for any date is used in determining discharge for that day.相应于每天的那条曲线可用于确定该天的流量。(被动翻译为主动)例:The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through aconductor电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。(谓语动词转换成名词,成为主语)例:Thespeedofagenerator iscontrolledbytheprimemover.发电机的速率是原动机控制的。(是的)2.2多使用长句例:In general,drying a solid means theremoval ofrelatively small amounts of wateror other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to anacceptablylowvalue.一般来讲,干燥一种固体指的是从固体材料中除去相对少量的水或者其他液体,从而使残留液体的含量减少到可接受的低值。(正序翻译法)例:Gasbeing compressed enters and leaves the cylinder throughvalvewith areset tobe actuated when the pressure difference between cylinder contents and outsideconditions is the desired.当汽缸内外的压力差达到期望值时,阀门开始驱动,被压缩气体才通过阀门进出汽缸。(倒序翻译法)例:Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with smallquantities being madeand mass production with large number of identical parts beingproduced.制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产两类:单件生产是生产少量的机件,批量生产则是生产大量相同的零件。(分开翻译法)2.3大量使用非限定动词、名词和介词短语例:The comparison of themovementof lightto a wave---ananalogywhichhadactually provided a satisfactory explanation of the observed phenomena during mostof the nineteenth century---tended to interfere which the development of the equallyvalidconceptlightasa streamofparticles把光的运动同波相比---这一比拟在19世纪大半个时期内实际上已经提供了对当时观察到的形象的满意解释--势必就妨碍了光是粒子流这个同等正确的概念的发展。另外:后置定语多后置定语即位于其修饰名词之后的定语。Inadditiontoaliphaticcompounds,thereareanumberofhydrocarbonsderivedfrom3

3 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 此外,新词、缩略词不断出现,构词手法灵活多变。 二、句子部分的特征 2.1 大量使用被动语态 例:The curve appropriate for any date is used in determining discharge for that day. 相应于每天的那条曲线可用于确定该天的流量。(被动翻译为主动) 例:The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor. 电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。(谓语动词转换成名词,成为主语) 例: The speed of a generator is controlled by the prime mover. 发电机的速率是原动机控制的。(是-的) 2.2 多使用长句 例:In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low value. 一般来讲,干燥一种固体指的是从固体材料中除去相对少量的水或者其他液体, 从而使残留液体的含量减少到可接受的低值。(正序翻译法) 例:Gas being compressed enters and leaves the cylinder through valve with a reset to be actuated when the pressure difference between cylinder contents and outside conditions is the desired. 当汽缸内外的压力差达到期望值时,阀门开始驱动,被压缩气体才通过阀门进出 汽缸。(倒序翻译法) 例:Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced. 制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产两类:单件生产是生产少量的机件,批量生 产则是生产大量相同的零件。(分开翻译法) 2.3 大量使用非限定动词、名词和介词短语 例:The comparison of the movement of light to a wave-an analogy which had actually provided a satisfactory explanation of the observed phenomena during most of the nineteenth century-tended to interfere which the development of the equally valid concept light as a stream of particles. 把光的运动同波相比-这一比拟在 19 世纪大半个时期内实际上已经提供了对当 时观察到的形象的满意解释-势必就妨碍了光是粒子流这个同等正确的概念的 发展。 另外: 后置定语多 后置定语即位于其修饰名词之后的定语。 In addition to aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from

benzeneandseemedtohavedistinctivelydifferentchemicalproperties除了脂肪族化合物以外,还有许多从苯衍生而来,看来具有明显不同化学性质的烃。三、语篇的语言特征语篇(discourse)是交流过程中一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体,各成分之间形式上相互衔接(correlate inform),语义上连贯一致(coherentinmeaning)。英语翻译中的语篇翻译需要关注语篇衔接的翻译、语义连贯性翻译、语篇中的词语和术语翻译前后一致性忠实原文的文体特征、忠实原文的结构特征、使用书面化语言翻译等。3.1上下衔接语篇中上下文的逻辑一致关系常常需要有逻辑概念的过渡词来实现。按照词汇意义,这类过渡词常表示时间和空间顺序、比较和对照、原因和结果、强调和总结等意义1.过渡词的翻译表示附加信息的过渡词的常见的表示附加信息的过渡衔接词有also,again,and,andthen,too,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,what'smore,togetherwith,aswellas等,这些过渡词都有其自身的词汇意义,一般采用直译法翻译。如Also, most engines have a spill return system, by which any excess fuel from theinjectorpumpand injectors isreturnedtothefuel tank。另外大多数发动机都有一个溢出回油系统通过该系统从喷油系和喷油嘴喷出的过多的油会回流到油箱。For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a pointmidway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow ratesrise further对于离心泵来说.其效率随着流速的增大而提高至运行转速范围内的中间点时达到效率峰值,然后则随着流速的进一步提高而下降。2.表示时间顺序的过渡衔接词的翻译常见的表示时间顺序的过渡衔接词有now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,gradually,suddenlyfinally等。表示时间顺序的过渡词,时间概念明确清晰,一般采用直译法翻译。如Before theconnection between magnetism andelectricity was discovered,electrostatic generators were used在发现磁和电间的联系之前,人们使用静电发电机。Automotive alternators power the electrical systems on the vehicle and recharge thebatteryafterstarting4

4 benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties. 除了脂肪族化合物以外,还有许多从苯衍生而来,看来具有明显不同化学性质的 烃。 三、语篇的语言特征 语篇( discourse)是交流过程中一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体,各成 分之间形式上相互衔接( correlate in form), 语义上连贯一致( coherent in meaning)。 英语翻译中的语篇翻译需要关注语篇衔接的翻译、语义连贯性翻译、语篇中的词 语和术语翻译前后一致性忠实原文的文体特征、忠实原文的结构特征、使用书面 化语言翻译等。 3.1 上下衔接 语篇中上下文的逻辑一致关系常常需要有逻辑概念的过渡词来实现。按照词汇意 义,这类过渡词常表示时间和空间顺序、比较和对照、原因和结果、强调和总结 等意义 1. 过渡词的翻译 表示附加信息的过渡词的 常见的表示附加信息的过渡衔接词有 also, again, and, and then, too, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what' s more, together with, as well as 等,这些过渡词都有其 自身的词汇意义,一般采用直译法翻译。如 Also, most engines have a spill return system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank。 另外,大多数发动机都有一个溢出回油系统,通过该系统,从喷油系和喷油嘴喷出 的过多的油会回流到油箱。 For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow rates rise further. 对于离心泵来说,其效率随着流速的增大而提高,至运行转速范围内的中间点时达 到效率峰值,然后则随着流速的进一步提高而下降。 2.表示时间顺序的过渡衔接词的翻译 常见的表示时间顺序的过渡衔接词有:now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, soon, next, gradually, suddenly, finally 等。表示时间顺序的过渡 词,时间概念明确清晰,一般采用直译法翻译。如 Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered, electrostatic generators were used 在发现磁和电间的联系之前,人们使用静电发电机。 Automotive alternators power the electrical systems on the vehicle and recharge the battery after starting

启动后,汽车交流发电机给汽车的电气系统供电并且给电瓶再充电。3.表示空间顺序的过渡衔接词的翻译常见表示空间顺序的过渡衔接词有:around,above,below,behind,beside,beyondfar(from),near(to),outside,infrontof,totheright/left等。这类词空间概念清楚,含义明确,一般采用直译法翻译。如:These metals are often heated to a temperature that is just above the upper criticaltemperature这些金属常常被加热到刚刚高于上临界温度。Around theworld,therewereabout806millioncars andlighttrucksontheroadin2007;they burn over a billion cubic meters of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuelyearly2007年,全世界范围内道路上行驶的轿车和轻型卡车大约有8.06亿辆,每年烧掉的汽油和柴油超过10亿立方米。4.表示比较的过渡衔接词的翻译常见的表示比较的过渡衔接词有:justlike,Justas,similarly,likewise,inthesameway等。justlikeJustas一般都翻译成“正如,正像,就像”;similarly,likewise,inthesameway一般都翻译成“同样,以同样的方式”等。如The module, just like the circular pitch, can be used for all types of cogs该模数正如齿距一样,可以用于所有类型的齿轮齿。Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use can be balanced againstthevalue of the benefits to society thatautomobile usegenerates同样,使用汽车给社会造成的代价会抵消使用汽车给社会带来的利益价值5.表示转折的过渡衔接词的翻译常见表示转折的过渡衔接词有:but,still,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, in spite of, even thoughalthough,eventhough,despite,despitethefactthat,inspiteof,inspiteofthefactthatwhile,whereas,unlike等。表示转折的过渡词一般采用直译法翻译。如:Manypneumatic devices are still used in processes, however,wheretheadvantages ofdigital controls are outweighed by such considerations as cost and safety, etc.在生产领域,许多气动设备仍在使用,这是因为成本和安全等因素超越了数字控制系统In contrast, spaces should be used as a thousand separator to reduce confusionresultingfromthevariationbetweentheseformsindifferentcountries相比之下,应使用空格作为千位的分隔符,以避免各个国家间使用格式的变化而产生的混乱3.2前后一致语篇中的词汇包含单义词、通用词和多义词,翻译时,需要特别注意每一类词语在特定学科的词义。单义词汇由于其使用的频率相对较低,仅用于某一特定的学科,词义相对单所以在翻译成汉语后,比较容易实现前后词义的一致性。而对于多义5

5 启动后,汽车交流发电机给汽车的电气系统供电并且給电瓶再充电。 3.表示空间顺序的过渡衔接词的翻译 常见表示空间顺序的过渡衔接词有: around, above, below, behind, beside, beyond, far(from),near(to), outside, in front of, to the right/left 等。这类词空间概念淸楚,含义 明确, 一般采用直译法翻译。如: These metals are often heated to a temperature that is just above the upper critical temperature 这些金属常常被加热到刚刚高于上临界温度。 Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over a billion cubic meters of petrol/ gasoline and diesel fuel yearly2007 年,全世界范围内道路上行驶的轿车和轻型卡车大约有 8.06 亿辆,每年 烧掉的汽油和柴油超过 10 亿立方米。 4.表示比较的过渡衔接词的翻译 常见的表示比较的过渡衔接词有: just like, Just as, similarly, likewise, in the same way 等。just like, Just as 一般都翻译成“正如,正像,就像”; similarly, likewise, in the same way 一般都翻译成“同样,以同样的方式”等。如 The module, just like the circular pitch, can be used for all types of cogs 该模数正如齿距一样,可以用于所有类型的齿轮齿。 Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates 同样,使用汽车给社会造成的代价会抵消使用汽车给社会带来的利益价值 5.表示转折的过渡衔接词的翻译 常见表示转折的过渡衔接词有:but, still, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, in spite of, even though, although, even though, despite, despite the fact that, in spite of, in spite of the fact that, while, whereas, unlike 等。表示转折的过渡词一般采用直译法翻译。如: Many pneumatic devices are still used in processes, however, where the advantages of digital controls are outweighed by such considerations as cost and safety, etc. 在生产领域,许多气动设备仍在使用,这是因为成本和安全等因素超越了数字控制 系统 In contrast, spaces should be used as a thousand separator to reduce confusion resulting from the variation between these forms in different countries. 相比之下,应使用空格作为千位的分隔符,以避免各个国家间使用格式的变化而产 生的混乱 3.2 前后一致 语篇中的词汇包含单义词、通用词和多义词,翻译时,需要特别注意每一类词语在 特定学科的词义。单义词汇由于其使用的频率相对较低,仅用于某一特定的学科, 词义相对单所以在翻译成汉语后,比较容易实现前后词义的一致性。而对于多义

词汇和通用词汇翻译的前后一致性,尤其需要译者的重视以避免造成概念的混淆。1术语翻译的一致性科技语篇中,对于多义科技英语词汇,由于在不同的学科领域,往往会有完全不同的词义,翻译过程中需要准确定义术语,确保术语一旦译出,必须保持前后一致,不可随意更改,以免因语篇中概念混乱而阻碍读者的理解。如:An electric motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy. Most electricmotors operatethrough interacting magnetic fields and current -carryingconductors to generate force, although a few use electrostatic forces. The reverseprocess, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generatorssuchasanalternator oradynamo.Manytypes of electricmotorscanberunasgenerators, and vice versa. For example a starter / generator for a gas turbine, oftenperform both tasks.Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to aselectricmachines.译文 1电机将电能转化为机械能:虽然有一些电动机利用静电力,但大多数马达都是通过相互作用的磁场和载流导线产生力:反过来,发电机,如交流发电机或直流发电机则是从机械能产生电能。许多类型的电机既可以用作发电机,也可以用作电动机,如燃气轮机的启动机/发电机常常完成这两项任务。马达和发电机通常被统称为电机。说明:在《朗文当代高级英语词典》中,motor的意思是“马达,电动机”,有时,人们又称“电机”,所以motor一词可以有“马达,电机,电动机”三种不同译法。以上译文中将motor分别翻译为“电机、马达、电动机”,出现术语的混乱,让读者难以理顺上下文之间的逻辑关系。因此,可以改为:译文 2电动机将电能转化为机械能:虽然有一些电动机利用静电力,但大多数电动机都是通过相互作用的磁场和载流导线产生力反过来,发电机,如交流发电机或直流发电机则是从机械能产生电能。许多类型的电动机既可以用作发电机,也可以用作电动机,如燃气轮机的启动机/发电机常常完成这两项任务。电动机和发电机通常被统称为电机。2 词语翻译的一致性除了术语的前后一致外,通用科技英语词汇在各种不同的学科中的词义基本相同或相似,翻译成汉语时,要尽力确保同一语篇内的通用科技词汇的一致性。如:An unfinished workpiece requiring machining will need to have some material cutaway tocreate a finished product.Afinished product would be a workpiece thatmeets the specifications set out for that workpiece by engineering drawings or6

6 词汇和通用词汇翻译的前后一致性,尤其需要译者的重视,以避免造成概念的混淆。 1 术语翻译的一致性 科技语篇中,对于多义科技英语词汇,由于在不同的学科领域,往往会有完全不 同的词义,翻译过程中需要准确定义术语,确保术语一旦译出,必须保持前后一 致,不可随意更改,以免因语篇中概念混乱而阻碍读者的理解。 如: An electric motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy.Most electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current — carrying conductors to generate force,although a few use electrostatic forces.The reverse process,producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo.Many types of electric motors can be run as generators,and vice versa.For example a starter/generator for a gas turbine,often perform both tasks.Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines. 译文 1 电机将电能转化为机械能:虽然有一些电动机利用静电力,但大多数马达都是通 过相互作用的磁场和载流导线产生力:反过来,发电机,如交流发电机或直流发 电机则是从机械能产生电能。许多类型的电机既可以用作发电机,也可以用作电 动机,如燃气轮机的启动机/发电机常常完成这两项任务。马达和发电机通常被 统称为电机。 说明: 在《朗文当代高级英语词典》中,motor 的意思是“马达,电动机”,有时,人 们又称“电机”,所以 motor 一词可以有“马达,电机,电动机”三种不同译法。 以上译文中将 motor 分别翻译为“电机、马达、电动机”,出现术语的混乱,让 读者难以理顺上下文之间的逻辑关系。 因此,可以改为: 译文 2 电动机将电能转化为机械能:虽然有一些电动机利用静电力,但大多数电动机都 是通过相互作用的磁场和载流导线产生力÷反过来,发电机,如交流发电机或直 流发电机则是从机械能产生电能。许多类型的电动机既可以用作发电机,也可以 用作电动机,如燃气轮机的启动机/发电机常常完成这两项任务。电动机和发电 机通常被统称为电机。 2 词语翻译的一致性 除了术语的前后一致外,通用科技英语词汇在各种不同的学科中的词义基本相同 或相似,翻译成汉语时,要尽力确保同一语篇内的通用科技词汇的一致性。 如: An unfinished workpiece requiring machining will need to have some material cut away to create a finished product.A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by engineering drawings or

blueprints.For example,a workpiece may berequired tohave a specific outsidediameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can be used to create that diameter by rotatingametal workpiece,sothata cuttingtool can cutmetal away,creatinga smooth,roundsurface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can be used toremove metal inthe shape of a cylindrical hole.Other toolsthat maybeused fovarious types of metal removal are milling machines, saws, and grinding machines译文:一个需要加工的半成品工件需要切削一些材料来制造出一个成品件。一个成品件应当符合该工件工程图纸或蓝图所设定的技术要求。例如,一个工件可能需要有一个特殊的外径。车床是可以通过转动金属工件来加工出该直径的机床,因此,切削刀具能够切削金属,加工出符合直径和表面光洁度要求的光洁圆滑的表面C钻床可以切削金属,钻出圆孔。其他可以用于各种金属切削的机床还有铣床、锯床、磨床。说明:cut和tool 作为通用词汇,分别有多个相似的对应汉语词义。cut有“切口,切割,切削,切入”等词义;tool有“工具,用具,器械,机床”等词义。在翻译时,一旦确定cut的词义是“切削”,同时确定tool和machine搭配使用词义是“机床”以及tool和cut.搭配意义是“刀具”之后,前后必须保持一致另外,workpiece有“工件,轧件,工件壁厚”等词义,确定“工件”之后,就不可随意更改成“轧件”或“工件壁厚”3指代翻译的一致性为了避免同一词语的重复,英语语篇中往往会采用代词替代上文中已经出现过的名词或动词。对千语篇中代词的翻译,为了保证译文内容的清晰无误,常常可以采用还原法翻译。有时,如果语义比较清晰,也可以将代词直译。如:Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuitsinvolving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes andintegrated circuits.The nonlinear behavior of these componentsand their abilitytocontrol electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and is usuallyapplied to information and signal processing. Electronics is distinct from electricaland electro-mechanical science andtechnology,which deals withthegenerationdistribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from otherenergy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers,resistors and other passive components.This distinction started around 1906 with theinventionbyLeeDeForest ofthetriode,whichmadeelectrical amplicationof weakradiosignalsandaudiosignalspossiblewithanon-mechanicaldevice.Until1950thisfield was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the designand theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes

7 blueprints.For example,a workpiece may be required to have a specific outside diameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can be used to create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece, so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can be used to remove metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for various types of metal removal are milling machines, saws, and grinding machines. 译文: 一个需要加工的半成品工件需要切削一些材料来制造出一个成品件。一个成品件 应当符合该工件工程图纸或蓝图所设定的技术要求。例如,一个工件可能需要有 一个特殊的外径。车床是可以通过转动金属工件来加工出该直径的机床,因此, 切削刀具能够切削金属,加工出符合直径和表面光洁度要求的光洁圆滑的表面 C 钻床可以切削金属,钻出圆孔。其他可以用于各种金属切削的机床还有铣床、锯 床、磨床。 说明: cut 和 tool 作为通用词汇, 分别有多个相似的对应汉语词义。 cut 有“切口, 切割, 切削,切入”等词义; tool 有“工具,用具,器械,机床”等词义。 在翻译时,一旦确定 cut 的词义是“切削”,同时确定 tool 和 machine 搭配使用, 词义是“机床”,以及 tool 和 cut.搭配意义是“刀具”之后,前后必须保持一致. 另外,workpiece 有“工件,轧件,工件壁厚”等词义,确定“工件”之后,就不可随意 更改成“轧件”或“工件壁厚” 3 指代翻译的一致性 为了避免同一词语的重复,英语语篇中往往会采用代词替代上文中已经出现过的 名词或动词。对千语篇中代词的翻译,为了保证译文内容的清晰无误,常常可以 采用还原法翻译。有时,如果语义比较清晰,也可以将代词直译。 如: Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. The nonlinear behavior of these components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive components. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplication of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes

译文:电子学是科学与技术的一个分支,它涉及电路,包括有效元件如真空管、晶体管、二极管和集成电路等。这些元件的非线性反应及其控制电子流动的能力,能够将微弱信号放大,并且经常应用于信息和信号的处理。电子学与电气和机电科技不同,后者涉及利用电线、电动机、发电机、蓄电池、开关、继电器、变压器、电阻器及其他无源元件,进行发电、配电、切换、储存和电能与其他形式的能源之间转换。这种区分大约是在1906年伴随着里德·弗雷斯特发明三极管开始。三极管的发明使得借用非机械设备就能够放大微弱无线电和音频信号成为可能。直到1950年,该领域一直被称作无线电技术,因为它主要应用于无线电发射机、接收机和真空管的理论与设计。说明:这段文字通过关系代词that,which以及指示代词this将上下文紧密地连接起来,保证前后逻辑的连贯性。因此,在翻译时就要清楚地分析关系代词和指示代词所指内容,做到准确翻译,从而保证篇章语义的一致性和完整性。PRACTICE:Directions: Put thefollowing sentences into Chinese.1.The automation of a new product or plant requires a very large initial investment incomparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation may bespread amongmanyproducts and over time.Automation may improve in economyofenterprises, society ormost of humanity.For example,when an enterprise invests inautomation,technologycanhelprecoveritsinvestment,ora stateorcountryincreasesits income due to automation.2.Most refrigerators, air conditioners, pumps and industrial machinery use AC powerwhereas most computers anddigital equipment useDCpower.ACpowerhas theadvantage of being easy to transform between voltages and is able to be generated andutilized by brushless machinery.DC power remains the only practical choice in digitalsystems and can be more economical to transmit over long distances at very highvoltages.3.Other CAE programs commonly usedbymechanical engineers include productlifecycle management(PLM)tools and analysis tools used to perform complexsimulations.Analysis tools may beused to predict productresponse toexpected loads.including fatigue life and manufacturability.These tools include finite elementanalysis(FEA),computationalfluiddynamics(CFD),andcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)4.Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps. There are usually 3 pumps: The twomain pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure for the rams, swing motor, trackmotors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure pump for Pilot Control, thiscircuit used for the control of the spool valves, this allows for a reduced effort

8 译文: 电子学是科学与技术的一个分支,它涉及电路,包括有效元件如真空管、晶体管、 二极管和集成电路等。这些元件的非线性反应及其控制电子流动的能力,能够将 微弱信号放大,并且经常应用于信息和信号的处理。电子学与电气和机电科技不 同,后者涉及利用电线、电动机、发电机、蓄电池、开关、继电器、变压器、电 阻器及其他无源元件,进行发电、配电、切换、储存和电能与其他形式的能源之 间转换。这种区分大约是在 1906 年伴随着里德·弗雷斯特发明三极管开始。三 极管的发明使得借用非机械设备就能够放大微弱无线电和音频信号成为可能。直 到 1950 年,该领域一直被称作无线电技术,因为它主要应用于无线电发射机、 接收机和真空管的理论与设计。 说明: 这段文字通过关系代词 that , which 以及指示代词 this 将上下文紧密地连接起来, 保证前后逻辑的连贯性。因此,在翻译时就要清楚地分析关系代词和指示代词所 指内容,做到准确翻译,从而保证篇章语义的一致性和完整性。 PRACTICE: Directions: Put the following sentences into Chinese. 1.The automation of a new product or plant requires a very large initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation may be spread among many products and over time. Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology can help recover its investment, or a state or country increases its income due to automation. 2.Most refrigerators, air conditioners, pumps and industrial machinery use AC power whereas most computers and digital equipment use DC power. AC power has the advantage of being easy to transform between voltages and is able to be generated and utilized by brushless machinery. DC power remains the only practical choice in digital systems and can be more economical to transmit over long distances at very high voltages. 3.Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management(PLM)tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis(FEA), computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing(CAM). 4.Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps. There are usually 3 pumps: The two main pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure for the rams, swing motor, track motors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure pump for Pilot Control, this circuit used for the control of the spool valves, this allows for a reduced effort

required when operating the controls.5. Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protectpeople from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults ata substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the earth's surfaceduringafault cancause metal objectstohave a significantlydifferent voltagethantheground under a person's feet: this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution6. In circuit design, informally, passive components refer to ones that are not capableof power gain, this means they cannot amplify signals. Under this definition, passivecomponentsincludecapacitors, inductors,resistors,diodes,transformers,voltagesources,andcurrentsources.Theyexcludedevicesliketransistors,vacuumtubes,relays,tunnel diodes,and glow tubes.Formally,for a memoryless two-terminalelement, this means that the current-voltage characteristic is monotonicallyincreasing7.Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levelsThey are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are thebasis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digitalsystem" and "logic"are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most ofthem use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled"o" and "1".Often logic"o"will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic"1" is referred to as"High".However, some systems use the reverse definition("o"is"High")or are currentbased译文:1.尽管自动化的成本可以随着时间的推移分摊到许多产品中去,但是与产品的单位成本相比,新产品或工厂自动化的最初投资仍非常大。自动化可以改善企业,社会或大多数人的经济状况,警如,当企业投资自动化,技术可以帮助其收回投资,甚至一个国家会因为自动化而提高收入。2.大多数冰箱、空调、泵和工业机械都使用交流电,而大多数计算机和数码设备则使用直流电。交流电的优点在于能在不同电压间方便地转换,而且能够通过无刷电机生产并使用。直流电是数码系统的唯一现实选项,在以很高的电压进行长途传输时更加经济。3.机械工程师常用的其他计算机辅助工程(CAE)程序包括产品生命周期管理(PLM)工具和用于进行复杂模拟的分析工具。分析工具可以用来预测产品对于预期载荷的反应,包括疲劳寿命和可制造性。这些工具包括有限元分析工具、计算流体动力学工具和计算机辅助制造工具4.挖掘机上的发动机驱动液压油泵。通常情况下,有三台油泵:其中两台主油泵是高压泵,负责给柱塞、回转电机、行走电机和附属设备供油;另外一台是低压油泵,负责操作控制,该回路用于控制滑阀,这样在操作时可以省力。5.在安装有金属围栏的变电站,围栏必须正确接地以便在电网出现故障期间保9

9 required when operating the controls. 5. Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet: this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution. 6. In circuit design, informally, passive components refer to ones that are not capable of power gain; this means they cannot amplify signals. Under this definition, passive components includecapacitors,inductors,resistors,diodes,transformers,voltage sources,and current sources.They exclude devices like transistors,vacuum tubes,relays,tunnel diodes,and glow tubes.Formally,for a memoryless two-terminal element, this means that the current-voltage characteristic is monotonically increasing. 7. Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. They are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most of them use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled"0" and "1". Often logic"0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High”. However, some systems use the reverse definition(“0"is"High”)or are current based. 译文: 1.尽管自动化的成本可以随着时间的推移分摊到许多产品中去,但是与产品的单 位成本相比,新产品或工厂自动化的最初投资仍非常大。自动化可以改善企业, 社会或大多数人的经济状况, 譬如, 当企业投资自动化, 技术可以帮助其 收回 投资, 甚至一个国家会因为自动化而提高收入。 2. 大多数冰箱、空调、泵和工业机械都使用交流电, 而大多数计算机和数码设 备则使用直流电。交流电的优点在于能在不同电压间方便地转换, 而且能够通过 无刷电机生产并使用。直流电是数码系统的唯一现实选项, 在以 很高的电压进 行长途传输时更加经济。 3. 机械工程师常用的其他计算机辅助工程 (CAE) 程序包括产品生命周期管理 (PLM) 工具和用于进行复杂模拟的分析工具。分析工具可以用来预测产品对于预 期载荷的反应, 包括疲劳寿命和可制造性。这些工具包括有限元分析工具、 计 算流体动力学工具和计算机辅助制造工具. 4. 挖掘机上的发动机驱动液压油泵。通常情况下, 有三台油泵: 其中两台主油 泵是高压泵,负责给柱塞、 回转电机、行走电机和附属设备供油;另外一台是低 压油泵, 负责操作控制,该回路用于控制滑阀, 这样在操作时可以省力。 5. 在安装有金属围栏的变电站, 围栏必须正确接地以便在电网出现故障期间保

护人们免受高压的危险。变电站接地故障可能会造成接地电位升高。故障期间,地表的电流流动会造成金属物体与人脚底下地面之间出现明显不同的电压,这种接触电势会造成人员触电死亡的危害。6.在电路设计中,通俗地讲,无源元件是指那些不能够获得功率增益的元件,这就意味着它们无法放大信号。按照这一定义,无源元件包括电容器、电感、电阻器、二极管、变压器、电压源和电流源。它们不包括诸如晶体管、真空管、继电器、隧道二极管和辉光放电管等装置。形式上,对于一个无记忆的二端元件来说,这意味看电流一电压特性在单调递增。7.数字电路是以许多离散电压等级为基础的电路,它们是布尔代数最普通的物理表示形式,也是所有数字电脑的基础。对于大多数工程师来说,“数字电路”“数字系统”“逻辑程序”这些术语在数字电路里是可以互换的。大多数数字电路运用二进制系统,有两个电压等级标记为“0”和“1”,通常,逻辑“0”代表较低的电压,表示Low(低),而逻辑“1”则表示High(高):然而,有些系统则运用相反的定义(“0”表示High)或者根据电流定义。10

10 护人们免受高压的危险。变电站接地故障可能会造成接地电位升高。故障期间, 地表的电流流动会造成金属物体与人脚底下 地面之间出现明显不同的电压, 这 种接触电势会造成人员触电死亡的危害。 6. 在电路设计中, 通俗地讲, 无源元件是指那些不能够获得功率增益的元件, 这就意味着它们无法放大信号。按照这一定义,无源元件包括电容器、电感、电 阻器、二极管、变压器、电压源和电流源。它们不包括诸如晶体管、真空管、继 电器、 隧道二极管和辉光放电管等装置。形式上, 对于一个无记忆的二端元件 来说, 这意味着电流-电压特性在单调递增。 7.数字电路是以许多离散电压等级为基础的电路, 它们是布尔代数最普通的物 理表示形式,也是所有数字电脑的基础。 对于大多数工程 师来说,“数字电路” “数字系统”“逻辑程序”这些术语在数字电路里是可以互换的。 大多数数字电 路运用二进制系统, 有两个电压等级标记为“0”和“1”.通常,逻辑“0”代表 较低的电压,表示 Low(低),而逻辑“1”则表示 High(高). 然而, 有些系统则运 用相反的定义 (“0” 表示 High)或者根据电流定义

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