《学科英语》课程教学资源（讲义）ABSTRACT SUMMARY

论文摘要写作中的常见问题：1.何时开始动笔写摘要？很多写作书籍建议在开始写论文之前就写摘要的初稿。这样能够帮助你决定在论文中包含哪些内容，文章的结构该如何组织。有很多论文作者是在论文其他部分基本完成后开始写Abstrac。2.摘要的结构a.为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？(BACKGROUND --- OBJECTIVE)b.做了什么工作？如何实现的？(PROCESS)C.研究的结果是什么？和前人的研究相比，有哪些创新点？(RESULTS//FINDINGS)d.研究中的发现有什么意义？得出的结论和建议是什么？(CONCLUSION//INFLUENCE)3.摘要的行文怎么开头比较常见的开头方式是：“This paperdealswith.."，“Theaim of this paper..",，“Thisarticleexplores...","Wereport...","lnthispaper/study,wepresent/conduct...".in this study, we present a highly innovative procedure for the analysis of the content of//organicmaterialspresent inarcheological samples.Theprocedureallowstheidentificationofawidevarietyof materialswithinthesamemicrosample修改后：Archeological samples used for identifying organic materials are by necessity extremely small.We have found a way, which we believe is the first of itskind, to accuratelyidentify....修改前的摘要开头，读者需要阅读16个词（到//为止）才能接触到提示真正研究内容的关键词。而这16个词，他们可能在很多文章中阅读过成千上万遍，不能提供任何有效信息，修改后的版本可以使读者直截了当的看到作者研究的主要内容。同时，用thefirstofitskind强调了研究的首创性（注意不是用highlyinnovative这类空泛的描述）。4.摘要中使用的人称Style A:Ifound thatStyle B:We found thatStyle C:It wasfound thatStyleD:Theauthorsfound that

论文摘要写作中的常见问题： 1. 何时开始动笔写摘要？ 很多写作书籍建议在开始写论文之前就写摘要的初稿。这样能够帮助你决定在论文中包含哪 些内容，文章的结构该如何组织。 有很多论文作者是在论文其他部分基本完成后开始写 Abstrac。 2. 摘要的结构 a. 为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？ (BACKGROUND - OBJECTIVE) b. 做了什么工作？如何实现的？ (PROCESS) c. 研究的结果是什么？和前人的研究相比，有哪些创新点？ (RESULTS//FINDINGS) d. 研究中的发现有什么意义？得出的结论和建议是什么？ (CONCLUSION//INFLUENCE) 3. 摘要的行文怎么开头 比较常见的开头方式是：“This paper deals with.”, “The aim of this paper.”, “This article explores.”, “We report.”, “In this paper/study, we present/conduct.”. ◎In this study, we present a highly innovative procedure for the analysis of the content of //organic materials present in archeological samples. The procedure allows the identification of a wide variety of materials within the same micro sample. 修改后： ◎Archeological samples used for identifying organic materials are by necessity extremely small. We have found a way, which we believe is the first of its kind, to accurately identify . 修改前的摘要开头，读者需要阅读 16 个词（到//为止）才能接触到提示真正研究内容的关 键词。而这 16 个词，他们可能在很多文章中阅读过成千上万遍，不能提供任何有效信息， 修改后的版本可以使读者直截了当的看到作者研究的主要内容。同时，用 the first of its kind 强调了研究的首创性（注意不是用 highly innovative 这类空泛的描述）。 4. 摘要中使用的人称 Style A：I found that Style B：We found that Style C：It was found that Style D：The authors found that

5.摘要中需要提及研究的局限性吗？一般不提。因为摘要的主要作用是介绍研究主要内容，吸引读者阅读全文。研究如果有局限性当然可以写出来，不过通常放在论文的Discussion部分。6.评估摘要的checklist：a.是否遵守目标期刊的规定，是否使用了正确的段落结构和语态；b.是否包含了以下几个方面的相关信息：研究的背景、研究目的/针对的问题、方法、结果、影响/结论：(FORMAT)C.关键词是否合适；（KEYWORDS//TERMS)d.给读者的信息是否100%准确，为什么要给出这些信息？是否全部有必要性？(INFORMATION)e.时态是否正确使用翻译科技论文的英文摘要时注意的问题(attentionsintranslation)主语的确定以paper为主语中文摘要一般无主语，一般的语言范式如介绍…、分析．、得出.，一个动词代表一个事件，选用他thispaper为摘要的载体是，翻译方便，容易翻译成英文的焦点句，焦点在动词上，thispaper统领这个事件当以paper为主语时，谓语动词可以选用：dealwith，beconcernedwith，highlight，investigate，stress，feature等，具体使用哪个动词取决于摘要所要表达的内容。EX：为了减少运输设备对矿井通风系统的影响，分别建立了矿车在空载和满载两种情况下的矿并活塞风数值分析模型，对两种情况下的活塞风效应进行数值模拟，绘制流场迹线图。Aimed at reducing the influence of transport equipment on mineventilation system,this paper describes the development of numericalanalysis model for mine piston wind with no-load and full load of tramcars,thenumerical simulation of piston wind effect occurring in these twocases, and the production of the graph of flow field trace.以汉语的介词结构重构英文的主语根据科技英语中表示动作的名词做主语的特点，将中文摘要作状语的介词结构译成主语，改变原文句子成分，借助于原文中已存在的动宾关系选用或增译动词达到简洁、紧凑、连贯的翻译效果。EX：经过对儿种粗煤泥回收系统方案的对比，最后确定选择电磁旋流筛是合理的

5. 摘要中需要提及研究的局限性吗？ 一般不提。因为摘要的主要作用是介绍研究主要内容，吸引读者阅读全文。研究如果有局限 性当然可以写出来，不过通常放在论文的 Discussion 部分。 6.评估摘要的 checklist： a. 是否遵守目标期刊的规定，是否使用了正确的段落结构和语态； b. 是否包含了以下几个方面的相关信息：研究的背景、研究目的/针对的问题、方法、结果、 影响/结论；(FORMAT) c. 关键词是否合适；(KEY WORDS//TERMS) d. 给读者的信息是否 100%准确，为什么要给出这些信息？是否全部有必要性？ (INFORMATION) e. 时态是否正确使用 翻译科技论文的英文摘要时注意的问题 (attentions in translation) 主语的确定 以 paper 为主语 中文摘要一般无主语，一般的语言范式如介绍.、分析.、得出.，一个动词代表 一个事件，选用他 this paper 为摘要的载体是，翻译方便，容易翻译成英文的焦点句，焦 点在动词上，this paper 统领这个事件 当以 paper 为主语时，谓语动词可以选用：deal with，be concerned with，highlight, investigate, stress, feature 等，具体使用哪个动词取决于摘要所要表达的内容。 EX:为了减少运输设备对矿井通风系统的影响，分别建立了矿车在空载和满载两种情况下的 矿井活塞风数值分析模型，对两种情况下的活塞风效应进行数值模拟，绘制流场迹线图。 Aimed at reducing the influence of transport equipment on mine ventilation system, this paper describes the development of numerical analysis model for mine piston wind with no-load and full load of tramcars, the numerical simulation of piston wind effect occurring in these two cases, and the production of the graph of flow field trace. 以汉语的介词结构重构英文的主语 根据科技英语中表示动作的名词做主语的特点,将中文摘要作状语的介词结构译成主语， 改变原文句子成分，借助于原文中已存在的动宾关系选用或增译动词达到简洁、紧凑、连贯 的翻译效果。 EX:经过对几种粗煤泥回收系统方案的对比,最后确定选择电磁旋流筛是合理的

The comparison of several coarse slime recovery system projects verifies therational selection of electromagnetic cyclingmesh.选词的准确性为了提高科技英文摘要翻译的准确性，应根据实际情况选用准确的词汇。如汉语的一个词多种英文翻译方式，但是在具体的语境里，应选用最贴切的一个词汇。如“研究study，investigate,examine,observe,explore；评价evaluate,validate确定determine,decide,confirm,support,define,characterize;证实prove,demonstrate,document,test,support,testify，verify；建立establish,develop,set out：重点focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention。EX：针对高校图书馆传统读者行为评价方法的局限性，提出基于关联分析的模糊综合评价方法，将其应用到图书馆积分管理的读者行为评价当中。This paper highlights a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based oncorrelation analysis-a unique application in the reader behavior evaluation ofLibrary Integration Management, aspart of the efforts to overcome thelimitationsof conventional reader behavior evaluation method used in University Libraries.语篇翻译英文摘要的翻译并不是逐词逐句追求语法形式的统一，而是在理解语法形式的意义与作用的基础上，将摘要作为一个整体进行分析和翻译，力求英文符合其表达习惯。尽量摆脱原文单句形式的束缚，对原文各句子间结构进行适当调整或改动。ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTS1、NanomechanicsofphospholipidLBfilmstudiedlayerbylayerwithAFMAbstractBackground:Phospholipid, a main component of cell membrane,has been explored asa modelsystem ofthe cell membrane and temporaryscaffold materials in recent studies.The mechanicalproperties of phospholipid layers are essentially interesting since it is involved in severalbiologicalprocesses.Results:Here,thenanomechanical properties suchas indentation force,adhesion forceandDMT(Derjaguin-M?ller-Toporov)modulusof1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(DSPC)Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)films wereanalyzed layer bylayer with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)under deionized watercondition.Conclusions: The penetration distances in the indentation force curves are equal to thethicknesses of phospholipid films, and the yield forces of DSPC LB films in deionized water aresmallerthan that ofsimilarlipidfilms in buffered solutions due to the influence of ions.Moreover,theDMTmodulusofupperlayerDSPC LBfilm isdifferentfromthatofmonolayerDSPCLBfilmdue to the influence of their different substrates.Our results suggest that environment such assurrounding ions and substrate will strongly influence the measured nano-mechanical propertiesof the lipid bilayer, especially that of the down layer

The comparison of several coarse slime recovery system projects verifies the rational selection of electromagnetic cycling mesh. 选词的准确性 为了提高科技英文摘要翻译的准确性，应根据实际情况选用准确的词汇。如汉语的一 个词多种英文翻译方式，但是在具体的语境里，应选用最贴切的一个词汇。如“研究 study, investigate, examine, observe, explore；评价 evaluate, validate；确定 determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize；证实 prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify；建立 establish, develop, set out ；重点 focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention。 EX:针对高校图书馆传统读者行为评价方法的局限性，提出基于关联分析的模糊综合评 价方法，将其应用到图书馆积分管理的读者行为评价当中。 This paper highlights a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on correlation analysis—a unique application in the reader behavior evaluation of Library Integration Management, as part of the efforts to overcome the limitations of conventional reader behavior evaluation method used in University Libraries. 语篇翻译 英文摘要的翻译并不是逐词逐句追求语法形式的统一，而是在理解语法形式的意义与 作用的基础上，将摘要作为一个整体进行分析和翻译，力求英文符合其表达习惯。尽量摆脱 原文单句形式的束缚，对原文各句子间结构进行适当调整或改动。 ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTS 1、Nanomechanics of phospholipid LB film studied layer by layer with AFM Abstract Background: Phospholipid, a main component of cell membrane, has been explored as a model system of the cell membrane and temporary scaffold materials in recent studies. The mechanical properties of phospholipid layers are essentially interesting since it is involved in several biological processes. Results: Here, the nanomechanical properties such as indentation force, adhesion force and DMT (Derjaguin-M?ller-Toporov) modulus of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were analyzed layer by layer with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) under deionized water condition. Conclusions: The penetration distances in the indentation force curves are equal to the thicknesses of phospholipid films, and the yield forces of DSPC LB films in deionized water are smaller than that of similar lipid films in buffered solutions due to the influence of ions. Moreover, the DMT modulus of upper layer DSPC LB film is different from that of monolayer DSPC LB film due to the influence of their different substrates. Our results suggest that environment such as surrounding ions and substrate will strongly influence the measured nano-mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer, especially that of the down layer

2、DirectlydeterminingthemolecularweightofchitosanwithatomicforcemicroscopyAbstractMolecular weight will not only affect cytotoxicity, viscosity and other basic properties ofmolecules in physical and chemical fields, but also influence its efficiency of drug delivery innanomaterialfields.It isofgreat importancetomeasure themolecular weight of a substance.Inthis study,weproposed a newmethod todirectlydetermine the molecular weights of polymerswithlinearand repeatedmolecularstructures.Anempiricalmolecularweightformulaof */MMLL =ono is the basic knowledgeof this newmethod.The parameters of the repeated molecularunit weight (Mo)and (Lo) can be calculatedaccording tothe polymers molecularformula.If the individual molecule length of Ln can be measured with the instrument of Atomic ForceMicroscopy(AFM),themolecularweightof Wcanbeobtainedwiththeparameters of Ln,Moand Loaccording to theformula of */MM LL=ono:Chitosan with different molecular weightswerechosen tovalue our newproposed method.Our results implythat themolecularweight ofchitosan obtained with thenewmethod is reasonable.Moreover,the distributions of molecularweight andmolecularlengthscanalsobeacquired atthe sametime withthis novelmethod.3、ControllableFabricationofAu-CoatedAFMProbesviaaWet-ChemistryProcedureTip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(TERS),which offers a spatial resolution far beyond thelimitations of the optical diffraction and detection sensitivitydowntoa singlemolecularlevel,has become one of the powerful techniques applied in current nanoscience and technology.However,theexcellentperformanceof aTERS systemisverymuchdependent onthequalityofmetallized probes used in TERS characterization. Thus, how to prepare higher-quality probesplays a vital role in thedevelopment and applicationof TERS technique.In this work, onesimplewetchemistry procedurewas designed to fabricate atomic force microscopy-based TERS(AFM-TERS)probes.Throughthecontrolledgrowthofagoldfilmona commercialsiliconAFMprobe,TERSprobeswithdifferentapexdiameters wereprepared successfully.A series of TERSresults indicated that the probes with the apex size of 50~60 nm had the maximum TERSenhancement, and the Raman enhancement factor was in the range of 106 to 107.Comparedwith those prepared by other fabrication methods, our TERS probes fabricated by thiswet-chemistry method have the virtues of good stability, high reproducibility, and strongenhancementeffect.4、Ananomechanicalinterfacetorapidsingle-moleculeinteractionsSingle-moleculetechniquesprovideopportunitiesformolecularlypreciseimaging,manipulation,assemblyand biophysical studies.Owing to the kinetics of bond rupture processes,rapidsingle-moleculemeasurementscanreveal novelbondrupturemechanisms,probesingle-molecule events with short lifetimes and enhancethe interactionforces supplied by singlemolecules.Rapidmeasurements will also increasethroughputnecessaryfortechnological useofsingle-molecule techniques.Here we report a nanomechanical sensorthat allows single-moleculeforce spectroscopy on the previously unexplored microsecond timescale.We probed bondlifetimes around5 μs and observed significant enhancements in molecularinteraction forces.Our loading-rate-dependent measurements provide experimental evidence for an additionalenergy barrier in the biotin-streptavidin complex.We also demonstrate quantitative mapping ofrapid single-moleculeinteractions with high spatial resolution.This nanomechanical interfacemay allow studies of molecular processes with short lifetimes and development of novelbiological imaging, single-molecule manipulation and assembly technologies

2、Directly determining the molecular weight of chitosan with atomic force microscopy Abstract Molecular weight will not only affect cytotoxicity, viscosity and other basic properties of molecules in physical and chemical fields, but also influence its efficiency of drug delivery in nanomaterial fields. It is of great importance to measure the molecular weight of a substance. In this study, we proposed a new method to directly determine the molecular weights of polymers with linear and repeated molecular structures. An empirical molec ular weight formula of * / MM LL = ono is the basic knowledge of this new method. The parameters of the repeated molecular unit weight (Mo) and (Lo) can be calculated according to the polymer’s molecular formula. If the individual molecule length of Ln can be measured with the instrument of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the molecular weight of W can be obtained with the parameters of Ln , Mo and Lo according to the formula of * / MM LL = ono . Chitosan with different molecular weights were chosen to value our new proposed method. Our results imply that the molecular weight of chitosan obtained with the new method is reasonable. Moreover, the distributions of molecular weight and molecular lengths can also be acquired at the same time with this novel method. 3、Controllable Fabrication of Au-Coated AFM Probes via a Wet-Chemistry Procedure Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), which offers a spatial resolution far beyond the limitations of the optical diffraction and detection sensitivity down to a single molecular level, has become one of the powerful techniques applied in current nanoscience and technology. However, the excellent performance of a TERS system is very much dependent on the quality of metallized probes used in TERS characterization. Thus, how to prepare higher-quality probes plays a vital role in the development and application of TERS technique. In this work, one simple wetchemistry procedure was designed to fabricate atomic force microscopy-based TERS (AFM-TERS) probes. Through the controlled growth of a gold film on a commercial silicon AFM probe, TERS probes with different apex diameters were prepared successfully. A series of TERS results indicated that the probes with the apex size of 50~60 nm had the maximum TERS enhancement, and the Raman enhancement factor was in the range of 106 to 107. Compared with those prepared by other fabrication methods, our TERS probes fabricated by this wet-chemistry method have the virtues of good stability, high reproducibility, and strong enhancement effect. 4、A nanomechanical interface to rapid single-molecule interactions Single-molecule techniques provide opportunities for molecularly precise imaging, manipulation, assembly and biophysical studies. Owing to the kinetics of bond rupture processes, rapid single-molecule measurements can reveal novel bond rupture mechanisms, probe single-molecule events with short lifetimes and enhance the interaction forces supplied by single molecules. Rapid measurements will also increase throughput necessary for technological use of single-molecule techniques. Here we report a nanomechanical sensor that allows single-molecule force spectroscopy on the previously unexplored microsecond timescale. We probed bond lifetimes around 5 μs and observed significant enhancements in molecular interaction forces. Our loading-rate-dependent measurements provide experimental evidence for an additional energy barrier in the biotin–streptavidin complex. We also demonstrate quantitative mapping of rapid single-molecule interactions with high spatial resolution. This nanomechanical interface may allow studies of molecular processes with short lifetimes and development of novel biological imaging, single-molecule manipulation and assembly technologies

5、ANovel SecondaryDNABinding Site in Human TopoisomeraseIUnravelled byusinga 2DDNAOrigami PlatformThe biologically and clinically important nuclear enzyme human topoisomerase I relaxes bothpositively and negatively supercoiled DNA and binds consequently DNA with supercoils ofpositive or negative sign with a strong preference over relaxed DNA. One scheme to explain thispreference relies on the existence of a secondary DNA binding site in the enzyme facilitatingbinding to DNA nodes characteristic for plectonemic DNA.Here we demonstrate the ability ofhuman topoisomeraseIto induceformation of DNA synapses at protein containing nodes orfilaments usingatomicforcemicroscopyimaging.Bymeans of a two-dimensional (2D)DNAorigami platform, we monitor the interactions between a single human topoisomerase1covalently bound to one DNA fragment and a second DNA fragment protruding from the DNAorigami. This novel single molecule origami-based detection scheme provides direct evidence fortheexistence of a secondaryDNA interaction site in human topoisomeraseIand lends furthercredence to the theory of two distinct DNA interaction sites in human topoisomerase I, possiblyfacilitatingbinding toDNAnodes characteristicforplectonemicsupercoilsPRACTICETHINKOFATOPICYOUKNOWWELL,ANDIMAGINEANARTICLEORGANIZEDTHEN,WRITEANABSTRACTINCOMPLETEFORMATINABOUT2OOWORDS.NOTE:it isthe composition of yourdailylearning scores

5、A Novel Secondary DNA Binding Site in Human Topoisomerase I Unravelled by using a 2D DNA Origami Platform The biologically and clinically important nuclear enzyme human topoisomerase I relaxes both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA and binds consequently DNA with supercoils of positive or negative sign with a strong preference over relaxed DNA. One scheme to explain this preference relies on the existence of a secondary DNA binding site in the enzyme facilitating binding to DNA nodes characteristic for plectonemic DNA. Here we demonstrate the ability of human topoisomerase I to induce formation of DNA synapses at protein containing nodes or filaments using atomic force microscopy imaging. By means of a two-dimensional (2D) DNA origami platform, we monitor the interactions between a single human topoisomerase I covalently bound to one DNA fragment and a second DNA fragment protruding from the DNA origami. This novel single molecule origami-based detection scheme provides direct evidence for the existence of a secondary DNA interaction site in human topoisomerase I and lends further credence to the theory of two distinct DNA interaction sites in human topoisomerase I, possibly facilitating binding to DNA nodes characteristic for plectonemic supercoils. PRACTICE THINK OF A TOPIC YOU KNOW WELL, AND IMAGINE AN ARTICLE ORGANIZED. THEN, WRITE AN ABSTRACT IN COMPLETE FORMAT IN ABOUT 200 WORDS. NOTE: it is the composition of your daily learning scores