《分析化学》课程教学课件（PPT讲稿，英文）Chapter 2 Errors and data treatment in quantitative analysis

G 归东理子大 Analytical Chemistry Chapter 2 Errors and data treatment in quantitative analysis

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 1 Chapter 2 Errors and data treatment in quantitative analysis

归东理子大军 Analytical Chemistry Learning Objective To master the types,characteristics and expression methods of errors; ◆To master the definitions and applications of the precision and the accuracy,and also to understand the relationship between the precision and the accuracy;

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 2 Learning Objective ◆To master the types, characteristics and expression methods of errors; ◆ To master the definitions and applications of the precision and the accuracy, and also to understand the relationship between the precision and the accuracy;

归东觅子大图 Analytical Chemistry To know about the distribution rules of random error,and master the definitions, functions and calculating methods of confidence levels and confidence intervals; To know about the evaluation methods of the quantitative data,realize the importance of improving the accuracy of analytical results;

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 3 ◆ To know about the distribution rules of random error, and master the definitions, functions and calculating methods of confidence levels and confidence intervals; ◆ To know about the evaluation methods of the quantitative data, realize the importance of improving the accuracy of analytical results;

归东理子大军 Analytical Chemistry To master the ways and methods for improving the accuracy of analytical results; To know about the concept of significant figures, and master the rules of the computing and arithmetic rounding off

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 4 ◆ To master the ways and methods for improving the accuracy of analytical results; ◆ To know about the concept of significant figures, and master the rules of the computing and arithmetic rounding off

G 归东觅子大图 Analytical Chemistry 2.1 Fundamental terms of errors 1.The true value/truth u 2.The mean/average/arithmetic mean X= 为+x++x2=∑出 n n 3,median

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 5 2.1 Fundamental terms of errors 1. The true value/truth μ 2. The mean/average/ arithmetic mean n x n x x x x n  i = + + + = 1 2  3. median

山东理子大军 Analytical Chemistry The middle numerical value in a set of values. 4.Accuracy Accuracy describes the nearness of an experimental value to the true value. Accuracy is expressed as error E=x- relative error (RE)is calculated by the following formula:

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 6 4. Accuracy E = x −  Accuracy is expressed as error relative error (RE) is calculated by the following formula: The middle numerical value in a set of values. Accuracy describes the nearness of an experimental value to the true value

G 归东理子大图 Analytical Chemistry E RE=×100% U 5,Precision precision refers to the agreement between values in a set of date,it describes the reproducibility of measurements. (1)Deviation d;=xi-x

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 7 = 100%  E RE 5. Precision precision refers to the agreement between values in a set of date, it describes the reproducibility of measurements. (1) Deviation d x x i = i −

归东理王大军 Analytical Chemistry (2)Relative deviation RD=4×100% X (③)average deviation Σx-刘 d= n

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 8 (2) Relative deviation = 100% x d RD i (3) average deviation n x x d n i  i = − = 1

归东理子大军 Analytical Chemistry (4)standard deviation n-1 6.The relationship between accuracy and precision Error and deviation,the respective measures of accuracy and precision,are not always numerically related to one another

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 9 (4) standard deviation ( ) 1 1 2 − − = = n x x s n i i 6. The relationship between accuracy and precision Error and deviation, the respective measures of accuracy and precision, are not always numerically related to one another

山东理工大军 Analytical Chemistry That is,the precision of the data in a set can be excellent while the overall accuracy is terrible. The precision must be good if we want to get a high accuracy

Analytical Chemistry 2025/4/3 10 That is, the precision of the data in a set can be excellent while the overall accuracy is terrible. The precision must be good if we want to get a high accuracy