西南大学：《系统功能语言学 Systemic Functional Linguistics》课程教学讲义_Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 08 Group and phrase complexes

8. Group and phrase complexes 8. 1 Overview of complexing at group or phrase rank This chapter is concerned with complex structures involv ing groups and phrases For example ( 1)I went to school in New York C ity and then we lived up on the hudson for while then moved to Connecticut (2)We had a wonderful piece of property in Connecticut, back up in the hills, and my brother and I were both very interested in snakes and birds Group and phrase complexes serve to develop single elements within a clause(or if these complexes are embedded, within a group or phrase), serving the same function as a simple group or phrase would Textually, this means there is a single message; interpersonally, it means there is a single proposition or proposal; and experientially, it means that there is a single ure Group and phrase complexes are formed out of series of nexuses just as clause complexes are formed out of series of clause nexuses Groups and phrases form nexuses in the same way that clauses do, by a combination of parataxis or hypotaxis with some type of logico-semantic relation (either expansion, including elaboration, extension, and enhancement, and projection (For Taxis x Logico-semantic type at group rank, see Table 8-1 on p. 488) Only elements having the same function can be linked in this way Typically this will mean members of the same class: verbal group with verbal group, nominal group with nominal group and so on But it also includes other combinations, especially: adverbial group wit prepositional phrase, since these share many of the same circumstantial functions in the clause; and nominal group with prepositional phrase, as Attribute 8.2 Parataxis: groups and phrases When groups are linked paratactically, they are given equal status, any of the members of the complex could, in principle, serve the same function as the whole comple Groups and phrases can be linked paratactically by apposition and co-ord ination 8. 2.1 Elaborating his is the trad itional category of apposition", as in the following examples (1)Unfortunately she got killed, got run over, by one of those heavy lorries (2) Have you done any serious literary criticism since you left school; written Anything or thought about it-literature, critically? Appositional group or phrase complexes are characterized by tone concord signaling the semantic relationship of elaboration The elaborating group or phrase may restate or particularize; restatements include naming, explanatory glossing and shifts in perspective 8.2.2 Extending This is the trad itional category of co-ordination

1 8. Group and phrase complexes 8.1 Overview of complexing at group or phrase rank This chapter is concerned with complex structures involving groups and phrases. For example: (1) I went to school in New York City and then we lived up on the Hudson for a while, then moved to Connecticut. (2) We had a wonderful piece of property in Connecticut, back up in the hills, and my brother and I were both very interested in snakes and birds. Group and phrase complexes serve to develop single elements within a clause (or, if these complexes are embedded, within a group or phrase), serving the same function as a simple group or phrase would. Textually, this means there is a single message; interpersonally, it means there is a single proposition or proposal; and experientially, it means that there is a single figure. Group and phrase complexes are formed out of series of nexuses just as clause complexes are formed out of series of clause nexuses. Groups and phrases form nexuses in the same way that clauses do, by a combination of parataxis or hypotaxis with some type of logico-semantic relation (either expansion, including elaboration, extension, and enhancement, and projection). (For Taxis x Logico-semantic type at group rank, see Table 8-1 on p.488) Only elements having the same function can be linked in this way. Typically this will mean members of the same class: verbal group with verbal group, nominal group with nominal group and so on. But it also includes other combinations, especially: adverbial group wit prepositional phrase, since these share many of the same circumstantial functions in the clause; and nominal group with prepositional phrase, as Attribute. 8.2 Parataxis: groups and phrases When groups are linked paratactically, they are given equal status; any of the members of the complex could, in principle, serve the same function as the whole complex. Groups and phrases can be linked paratactically by apposition and by co-ordination. 8.2.1 Elaborating This is the traditional category of “apposition”, as in the following examples: (1) Unfortunately she got killed, got run over, by one of those heavy lorries. (2) Have you done any serious literary criticism since you left school; written anything or thought about it – literature, critically? Appositional group or phrase complexes are characterized by tone concord, signaling the semantic relationship of elaboration. The elaborating group or phrase may restate or particularize; restatements include naming, explanatory glossing and shifts in perspective. 8.2.2 Extending This is the traditional category of co-ordination

Here the semantic relationship is one of"and, or, nor, but, but not", as in the following example (1) There are, and can be, no general answers (2) Either you or your head must be off, and that in about half no time ()Swiftly and without a moment 's hesitation he leapt into the fray (4)Ross, expected to go to the Middle East on Tuesday, intends to meet separately with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser arafat A number of common expressions like slow ly but surely, last but least, by hook or by crookbelong to this general pattern Extension can be used ironically to indicate degree, for example (5)Television is very dangerous because it repeats and repeats and repeats our disasters instead of our triumph 8.2.3 Enhancing Here the semantic relationship involves a circumstantial relationship; this was not recognized as a distinct type in trad itional accounts Enhancing relationships are essentially between figures as a whole, and onl rarely can they be interpreted as holding between particular elements of a figure Examples are typically instances of time or cause 1)He tried, but failed, to extract the poison. " although he tried, he failed (Concession) (2)All those on board, and hence the crew, must have known that something was amIss ()She took it calmly enough, although not without some persuasion 8.3 Hypotaxis: nominal group As with parataxis, adverbial groups and prepositional phrases can be linked hypotactically: the tactic relationship is based on identity in function rather than difference in internal structure Hypotaxis is used to construe spatial and temporal paths and to construe gradual narrowing of the specification of a location A. Elaborating B Extending 8.4 Hypotaxis: adverbial group or prepositional phrase A Elaborating B. Extending C Enhancing 8.5 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion(1): general A. Elaborating a process: phas B Extending a process: conation C. Enhancing a process: modulation 8.6 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion(2): passive A. Elaborating: phase B Extending: conation C Enhancing: modulation 8.7 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion 3): causative

2 Here the semantic relationship is one of “and, or, nor, but, but not”, as in the following examples: (1) There are, and can be, no general answers. (2) Either you or your head must be off, and that in about half no time. (3) Swiftly and without a moment’s hesitation he leapt into the fray. (4) Ross, expected to go to the Middle East on Tuesday, intends to meet separately with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. A number of common expressions like slowly but surely, last but least, by hook or by crookbelong to this general pattern. Extension can be used ironically to indicate degree, for example: (5) Television is very dangerous because it repeats and repeats and repeats our disasters instead of our triumphs. 8.2.3 Enhancing Here the semantic relationship involves a circumstantial relationship; this was not recognized as a distinct type in traditional accounts. Enhancing relationships are essentially between figures as a whole, and only rarely can they be interpreted as holding between particular elements of a figure. Examples are typically instances of time or cause: (1) He tried, but failed, to extract the poison. “although he tried, he failed” (Concession) (2) All those on board, and hence the crew, must have known that something was amiss. (3) She took it calmly enough, although not without some persuasion. 8.3 Hypotaxis: nominal group As with parqataxis, adverbial groups and prepositional phrases can be linked hypotactically: the tactic relationship is based on identity in function rather than difference in internal structure. Hypotaxis is used to construe spatial and temporal paths and to construe gradual narrowing of the specification of a location. A. Elaborating B. Extending 8.4 Hypotaxis: adverbial group or prepositional phrase A. Elaborating B. Extending C. Enhancing 8.5 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (1): general A. Elaborating a process: phase B. Extending a process: conation C. Enhancing a process: modulation 8.6 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (2): passive A. Elaborating: phase B. Extending: conation C. Enhancing: modulation 8.7 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (3): causative

A. Elaborating: phase B. Extending: conation C. Enh 8 Hypotaxis: verbal group, projection A. Projecting clause complex with want( see Fig. 8-13 on p.515 B. Projecting verbal group /clause complexes(see Fig 8-14 on p.517) mnn c Some types of projection in the hypotactc verbal group complex(see Table8-7 pp.517-518 .9 Logical organization: complexes at a clause and group or phrase rank, nd groups (i From above (i) From around (ii) from below

3 A. Elaborating: phase B. Extending: conation C. Enhancing: modulation 8.8 Hypotaxis: verbal group, projection A. Projecting clause complex with want (see Fig. 8-13 on p.515) B. Projecting verbal group / clause complexes (see Fig. 8-14 on p.517) C. Some types of projection in the hypotactc verbal group complex (see Table 8-7 on pp.517-518) 8.9 Logical organization: complexes at a clause and group or phrase rank, and groups (i) From above (ii) From around (iii) from below