西南大学：《系统功能语言学 Systemic Functional Linguistics》课程教学讲义_Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 06 Below the clause - Groups and phrases

Part II Above, Below and beyond the clause 6. Below the clause: groups and phrases 6.1 Groups and phrases Ao Whereas a group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a contraction of a clause. A Group 1)Nominal groups: those wwo splendid old electric trains with pantographs 2)Verbal groups: take care of, have a look(at sth. 3)Adverbial groups: extremely nice 4)Conjunction groups: on the one hand .. on the other hand B. Phrases D)Prepositional phrases: with pantographs=x having pantographs Group and phrase classes in relation to clause function ( Table 6-1 on page 310) 6.2.1 Experiential structure of the nominal group: from Deictic to Classifier those wo splendid old electric trains with pantographs Deictic Numerative Epithet1 Epithet2 Classifier Thing Qualifier Determiner numeral adjective adjective adjective noun Prep Phrase B. Numerative C. Epithet E. Experimental functions and word class 6.2 Nominal group hose wo splendid old electric trains with pantographs Deictic Numerative Epithet 1 Epithet2 Classifier Thing Qualifier A Ordering B. Qualifie Cf. a girl of 16 years old= a 16-year-old girl those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs those two splendid old pantographed electric trains the materials available [to all of us]= the available materials ible [to the researchers]=th a proper city for the Olympic Games/ the city proper Lieutenant general /general secretary /secretary general 6.2.3 Experiential structure of the nominal group: the Thing A Countability: count /mass B Animacy: conscious/non-conscious C. Generality: general /particular 6.2. 4A note on interpersonal and textual contributions Interpersonal meaning tend to be scattered prosod ically throughout the unit; while textual meanings tend to be realized by the order in which things occur, and especially

1 Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 6. Below the clause: groups and phrases 6.1 Groups and phrases Whereas a group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a contraction of a clause. For example: A. Groups: 1) Nominal groups: those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs 2) Verbal groups: take care of, have a look (at sth.) 3) Adverbial groups: extremely nice 4) Conjunction groups: on the one hand … on the other hand … B. Phrases: 1) Prepositional phrases: with pantographs = [x] having pantographs Group and phrase classes in relation to clause function (Table 6-1 on page 310) 6.2.1 Experiential structure of the nominal group: from Deictic to Classifier those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs Deictic Numerative Epithet1 Epithet2 Classifier Thing Qualifier Determiner numeral adjective adjective adjective noun Prep. Phrase A. Deictic B. Numerative C. Epithet D. Classifier E. Experimental functions and word class 6.2 Nominal group those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs Deictic Numerative Epithet1 Epithet2 Classifier Thing Qualifier A. Ordering B. Qualifier Cf. a girl of 16 years old = a 16-year-old girl those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs = those two splendid old pantographed electric trains the materials available [to all of us] = the available materials the corpus accessible [to the researchers] = the accessible corpus A proper city [for the Olympic Games] / the city proper Lieutenant general / general secretary / secretary general 6.2.3 Experiential structure of the nominal group: the Thing A. Countability: count / mass B. Animacy: conscious / non-conscious C. Generality: general / particular 6.2.4 A note on interpersonal and textual contributions Interpersonal meaning tend to be scattered prosodically throughout the unit; while textual meanings tend to be realized by the order in which things occur, and especially

by placing and boundaries Interpersonal meanings are embodied a)in the person system, both as pronouns and possessive determiners (b)in the attitud inal type of Epithet (c)in connotative meanings of lexical item functioning in the group, and (d )in prosod ic features such as swear words and voice quality Textual meaning is embod ied throughout the entire structure, since it determines the order in which the elements are arranged, as well as patterns of information structure just as in the clause 6.2.5 Logical structure of the nominal group logical structure means seeing how it ents the generalized logical-semantic relations that are encoded in natural language One such relationship is that of subcategorization: "a is a subset of x This has usually been referred to in the grammar of the nominal group as odification. For example Those h plendid old electric trains Mod ifier Head A. Sub-modification a rather more Impressive figt Modifier Sub-mod ifier Sub-head Yββ阝 B. Premodifier vs. post-modifier a weatherboard shack by the riverside Premod ifier Thing Post-modifier 6.2.6 Head and thing A Nominal group with Numerative as Head and Deictic as Head (1)those two B Nominal group with substitute one ()some very small wooden ones C Internal structure of the measure expressions(or other embedded Numerative) (4)another one of my friend D. Nominal group with facet expression (6)the tops of the hil 6.3 Verbal group (1)couldn t have going to be Ing eaten Finite Auxiliary 1 Auxiliary 2 Auxiliary3 Auxiliary4 Auxiliary5 Event 6.3.2 Logical structure of the verbal group A. Realization of primary and secondary tenses B Naming of tenses

2 by placing and boundaries. Interpersonal meanings are embodied (a) in the person system, both as pronouns and possessive determiners (b) in the attitudinal type of Epithet (c) in connotative meanings of lexical item functioning in the group, and (d) in prosodic features such as swear words and voice quality. Textual meaning is embodied throughout the entire structure, since it determines the order in which the elements are arranged, as well as patterns of information structure just as in the clause. 6.2.5 Logical structure of the nominal group Seeing the nominal group as a logical structure means seeing how it represents the generalized logical-semantic relations that are encoded in natural language. One such relationship is that of subcategorization: “a is a subset of x”. This has usually been referred to in the grammar of the nominal group as modification. For example: Those two splendid old electric trains Modifier Head ζ ε δ γ β α A. Sub-modification: A rather more impressive figure Modifier Head γ β α Sub-modifier Sub-head β γ β β β α B. Premodifier vs. post-modifier a weatherboard shack by the riverside Premodifier Thing Post-modifier 6.2.6 Head and Thing A. Nominal group with Numerative as Head and Deictic as Head (1) those two (2) those which B. Nominal group with substitute one (3) some very small wooden ones C. Internal structure of the measure expressions (or other embedded Numerative) (4) another one of my friends (5) an absolute nightmare of a client D. Nominal group with facet expression (6) the tops of the hills 6.3 Verbal group (1) couldn’t have been going to be being eaten Finite Auxiliary1 Auxiliary2 Auxiliary3 Auxiliary4 Auxiliary5 Event 6.3.2 Logical structure of the verbal group A. Realization of primary and secondary tenses B. Naming of tenses

C. The finite and non-finite /modalized tense systems(see Table 6-11 or pp340-342) 6.3.3 Finite, sequent and non-finite tense systems 36 tenses 24 types System Ill: non-finite/modalized 12 types 6.3.4 Features of serial tense A. Derivation of System Ill by the neutralization of certain contrasts in System (see Table 6-12 on p. 345) B. System I tenses, showing construction of serial time(see Table 6-13 on p. 347 6.3.5 The system network of the verbal group(see Fig 6-19 on p. 349) Experiential: Aspect and EVENTTYPE (1) Logical: SECONDARY TYPE (ii) Interpersonal: POLARITY, FINITENESS, and MODALITY (iv) Textual: VOICE, CONTRAST, and ELLIPSIs 6.3.6 Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are lexical verbs which consist of more than just the verb word itself ey fall into three types (i verb adverb(e.g. look out) (i) verb+ preposition(e.g. look for) (iii verb+ adverb preposition(e.g. look out for) 6.4 Adverbial group, conjunction group, preposition group 6.4.1 Adverbial group A. Classes of adverbs serving as Head in ad verbial groups(see Table 6-15 on pag 355) B. Pre-modification in the adverbial groups: polarity, comparison, intensification (1) not surprisingly (2) not so very much more easily ()terrifically well C. Post-mod ification in the adverbial group: embedded clauses and embedded prepositional phrases (4)much more easily [than you would have expected] (5)as early [as two o'clock] 6.4.2 Conjunction group Conjunctions form word groups by modification, e.g. even if, just as, not until, if nly 6.4.3 Preposition group Prepositions form groups by mod ification, in the same way as conjunctions, e. g right behind the door, not w ithout some misgivings, all along the beach, way off the 6.5 Prepositional phrase a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition plus a nominal The prepositional phrase serves as Adjunct in the modal structure of the clause Like the adverbial group, it can serve as circumstantial Adjunct or less commonly, as

3 C. The finite and non-finite / modalized tense systems (see Table 6-11 on pp.340-342) 6.3.3 Finite, sequent and non-finite tense systems System I: finite 36 tenses System II: sequent 24 types System III: non-finite / modalized 12 types 6.3.4 Features of serial tense A. Derivation of System III by the neutralization of certain contrasts in System I (see Table 6-12 on p.345) B. System I tenses, showing construction of serial time (see Table 6-13 on p.347) 6.3.5 The system network of the verbal group (see Fig. 6-19 on p.349) (i) Experiential: Aspect and EVENT TYPE (ii) Logical: SECONDARY TYPE (iii) Interpersonal: POLARITY, FINITENESS, and MODALITY (iv) Textual: VOICE, CONTRAST, and ELLIPSIS 6.3.6 Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are lexical verbs which consist of more than just the verb word itself. They fall into three types: (i) verb + adverb (e.g. look out) (ii) verb + preposition (e.g. look for) (iii) verb + adverb + preposition (e.g. look out for) 6.4 Adverbial group, conjunction group, preposition group 6.4.1 Adverbial group A. Classes of adverbs serving as Head in adverbial groups (see Table 6-15 on page 355) B. Pre-modification in the adverbial groups: polarity, comparison, intensification (1) not surprisingly (2) not so very much more easily (3) terrifically well C. Post-modification in the adverbial group: embedded clauses and embedded prepositional phrases (4) much more easily [than you would have expected] (5) as early [as two o’clock] 6.4.2 Conjunction group Conjunctions form word groups by modification, e.g. even if, just as, not until, if only. 6.4.3 Preposition group Prepositions form groups by modification, in the same way as conjunctions, e.g. right behind the door, not without some misgivings, all along the beach, way off the mark. 6.5 Prepositional phrase A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition plus a nominal group. The prepositional phrase serves as Adjunct in the modal structure of the clause. Like the adverbial group, it can serve as circumstantial Adjunct or less commonly, as

interpersonal Adjunct, and like the conjunction group, it can serve as conjunctive Adjunct In add ition, it can be rank-shifted to serve as post-modifier in a nominal group or an ad verbial group 6.6 Word classes and group functions Word classes and their typical function in groups(see Table 6-16 on p. 362)

4 interpersonal Adjunct, and like the conjunction group, it can serve as conjunctive Adjunct. In addition, it can be rank-shifted to serve as Post-modifier in a nominal group or an adverbial group. 6.6 Word classes and group functions Word classes and their typical function in groups (see Table 6-16 on p.362)