西南大学：《系统功能语言学 Systemic Functional Linguistics》课程教学讲义_Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 07 Above the clause - The clause complex

7. Above the clause: the clause complex 7.1 The notion of'clause complex 7.1.1 Introductory examples A. Simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound complex sentence (1)The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck (The Old Man and the sea) de ( the blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the -creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. The Old Man and the Sea) 7. 1. 1 Introductory examples () It is a truth universally acknowled ged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. ( Pride and Prejudice) (4) However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surround ing families, that he is considered as the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters (Pride and prejudice) (5)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way -in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.( Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities) 7.1.2 Clause complexing and (circumstantial transitivity in clauses A. Projection (i locutions: He says, Thats enough BE O Enhancement When he ruled, there was peace throughout the land Instead of creating usual expensive, elaborate costumes, the Motleys created simple but beautiful sets and costumes, made from inexpensive materials often picked at sale i11) Elaboration But after a time, Chiruma was chosen to be the new chief. (ii ideas He thinks that it 's too hot The location of the clause complex in terms of stratification, metafunction and nk(see Fig. 7-2 on p. 370 7.1.3 Clause complexing, formation of groups and the sentence A. Ranking units across strata (see Table 7-3 on p. 371 7.2 Types of relationship between clauses A. The systems of clause complexing(see Fig. 7-3 on p. 373)

1 7. Above the clause: the clause complex 7.1 The notion of ‘clause complex’ 7.1.1 Introductory examples A. Simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound complex sentence (1) The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. (The Old Man and the Sea) (2) The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. (The Old Man and the Sea) 7.1.1 Introductory examples (3) It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (Pride and Prejudice) (4) However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. (Pride and Prejudice) (5) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities) 7.1.2 Clause complexing and (circumstantial) transitivity in clauses A. Projection (i) locutions: He says, “That’s enough.” B. Expansion (i) Enhancement: When he ruled, there was peace throughout the land. (ii) Extension: Instead of creating usual expensive, elaborate costumes, the Motleys created simple but beautiful sets and costumes, made from inexpensive materials often picked up at sales. (iii) Elaboration But after a time, Chirumá was chosen to be the new chief. (ii) ideas: He thinks that it’s too hot. The location of the clause complex in terms of stratification, metafunction and rank (see Fig. 7-2 on p. 370) 7.1.3 Clause complexing, formation of groups and the sentence A. Ranking units across strata (see Table 7-3 on p.371) 7.2 Types of relationship between clauses A. The systems of clause complexing (see Fig. 7-3 on p.373)

TAXIS (degree of INTERDEPENDENCY)or TAXIS a) hypotaxis b) parataxis (u i) LOGICAL-SEMANTIC RELATION (for definition, see p 378) a)Projection Locution: double quotes gle quote b)Expansion Elaborating Extending is added to is multiplied by B. Basic types of clause complex(see Table 7-5 on p. 380 C. Examples involving more than one type of taxis and/or logical-semantic relation(see Fig. 7-8 on p. 382) 7.3 TAXIS: parataxis and hypotaxis A. Univariate and multivariate structure(see Table 7-6 on p.383) B Properties of parataxis and hypotaxis( see Table 7-7 on p. 385) C Hypotaxis and parataxis combined(see Fig. 7-9, Fig. 7-10, Fig. 7-11, Fig. 7-12) D. Theme is clause nexus and tactically related clauses(see Fig. 7-13 on p. 393) 7.4 Elaborating, extending, enhancing: three kinds of expansion 7.4.1 Elaboration A. Paratactic elaboration (Exposition (i) Exemplifies (ii) Clarification B Hypotactic elaboration (i Fin (ii Non-finite 7.4.2 Extension A. Categories of extension and principal markers(see Table 7-9 on p.405) B. Paratactic extension: co-ord ination (a) additive positive( and), (b)add itive: negative(nor), and (c) ad versative(“But”-“ and conversely) (in)Variation (b)subtractive(except) (i) Alternation (i Fini (a)Addition: add itive vs adversative (b)Variation: replacive vs. subtractive Alternation

2 (i) TAXIS (degree of INTERDEPENDENCY) or TAXIS: a) hypotaxis b) parataxis (ii) LOGICAL-SEMANTIC RELATION (for definition, see p.378): a) Projection: Locution: “ double quotes Idea: ‘ single quotes b) Expansion: Elaborating = equals Extending + ‘is added to’ Enhancing x ‘is multiplied by’ B. Basic types of clause complex (see Table 7-5 on p.380) C. Examples involving more than one type of taxis and/or logical-semantic relation (see Fig. 7-8 on p.382) 7.3 TAXIS: parataxis and hypotaxis A. Univariate and multivariate structure (see Table 7-6 on p.383) B. Properties of parataxis and hypotaxis (see Table 7-7 on p.385) C. Hypotaxis and parataxis combined (see Fig. 7-9, Fig. 7-10, Fig. 7-11, Fig. 7-12) D. Theme is clause nexus and tactically related clauses (see Fig. 7-13 on p.393) 7.4 Elaborating, extending, enhancing: three kinds of expansion 7.4.1 Elaboration A. Paratactic elaboration: (i) Exposition (ii) Exemplification (iii) Clarification B. Hypotactic elaboration (i) Finite (ii) Non-finite 7.4.2 Extension A. Categories of extension and principal markers (see Table 7-9 on p.405) B. Paratactic extension: co-ordination (i) Addition: (a) additive: positive (“and”), (b) additive: negative (“nor”), and (c) adversative (“But” – “and conversely”) (ii) Variation: (a) replacive (‘instead”) (b) subtractive (“except”) (iii) Alternation C. Hypotactic extension (i) Finite (a) Addition: additive vs. adversative (b) Variation: replacive vs. subtractive (c) Alternation

7.4.3 Enhancement A. Categories of enhancement and principal markers(see Table 7-10 on p. 411) B. Paratactic enhancement er tim (iv) causal-cond itional cause(reason/purpose: cause effect, effect cause) condition: positive, negative, concessive(concession consequence, consequenc C. Hypotactic enhancement (1)Fi (a) (c)Manner: Quality, Comparison, Means ond ition Cause: reason, purpose result Concession Cond ition positive, negative (ii Non-finite cn(a)Enhancing relationship explicitly marked b a structural conjunction or onjunction: time, concession, condition, manner: means (b) Enhancing relationship left implicit: time, cause+ reason, purpose result 7.4.4 Expansion clauses that are not explicitly marked for any logical-semantic relation A. Conjunctive markers used for more than one type of expansion(see Table 7-11 B. Finite and non-finite clauses 7.4.5 Embedded expansions A. Types of embedding(rank-shift, see Table 7-12 on p. 427 B. Elaborating: finite vS. non-finite C. Extending D Enhancing Paratactic, hypotactic and embedded expansions(see Table 7-15 on p. 442) 7.5 Reports, ideas and facts: three kinds of projection A. Four kinds of projection nexus(see Table 7-16 on p. 444) (i Levels of projection (ii Mode of projection B Projection of propositions and proposals(see Table 7-17 on p.445) C System network of projection(see Fig. 7-18 on p. 445) 7.5.1 Quoting(direct speech): verbal processes, participants A. Paratactic projection: sequences and typical tone selections(see Table 7-18 oI p B. Verbs serv ing as Process in" clauses used to quote(see Table 7-19 on

3 7.4.3 Enhancement A. Categories of enhancement and principal markers (see Table 7-10 on p.411) B. Paratactic enhancement (i) Temporal: same time, later time (ii) Spatial: same place (iii) Manner: means, comparison (iv) causal-conditional: cause (reason / purpose: cause ^ effect, effect ^ cause) condition: positive, negative, concessive (concession ^ consequence, consequence ^ concession) C. Hypotactic enhancement (i) Finite (a) Time (b) Place (c) Manner: Quality, Comparison, Means (d) cause-condition: Cause: reason, purpose & result Concession Condition: positive, negative (ii) Non-finite: (a) Enhancing relationship explicitly marked b a structural conjunction or conjunction: time, concession, condition, manner: means (b) Enhancing relationship left implicit: time, cause+ reason, purpose & result 7.4.4 Expansion clauses that are not explicitly marked for any logical-semantic relation A. Conjunctive markers used for more than one type of expansion (see Table 7-11 on p. 422) B. Finite and non-finite clauses 7.4.5 Embedded expansions A. Types of embedding (rank-shift, see Table 7-12 on p.427) B. Elaborating: finite vs. non-finite C. Extending D. Enhancing Paratactic, hypotactic and embedded expansions (see Table 7-15 on p.442) 7.5 Reports, ideas and facts: three kinds of projection A. Four kinds of projection nexus (see Table 7-16 on p.444) (i) Levels of projection (ii) Mode of projection B. Projection of propositions and proposals (see Table 7-17 on p.445) C. System network of projection (see Fig. 7-18 on p. 445) 7.5.1 Quoting (“direct speech”): verbal processes, participants A. Paratactic projection: sequences and typical tone selections (see Table 7-18 on p.446) B. Verbs serving as Process in “verbal” clauses used to quote (see Table 7-19 on

p448) 7.5.2 Reporting(indirect speech"): mental process, hypotaxis A. Types of reporting(mental process, hypotaxis) (i)"Like"type B Verbs serving as Process in"mental"clauses reporting ideas(see Table 7-20 on p450) 7.5.3 Reporting speech, quoting thoughts B. Quoting thoughts 7.5.4 Projecting offers and commands A Quoting offers and commands B Reporting offers and commands 7.5.5 Quoting vs reporting; free indirect speech A Quoting and reporting as modes of projection B. Free indirect speech: a third mode of projection 7.5.6 Embedded locutions and ideas A Nominal group with embedded projection(see Fig. 7-21 on p. 467) B Nouns of projection and nouns as fact(see Table 7-25 on p. 469) 7.5.7 Facts A. Attributive clause with projected fact B Attribute: adjective/noun(see Table 7-26 on p. 475) C. Mental process with idea and fact D. Hypothactic projection vs. fact as postposed subject(see Fig. 7-24 on p. 477) 7.5.8 Summary of projection Projection of propositions and proposals(see Table 7-28 on p.481) 7.6 Clause complex and tone The intonation patterns as realizing systemic selections within the clause complex include (i tone concord: sequences of two or more instances of the same tone; (i) tone sequences: sequences of two tones, 1 1, 1, 4 1 (ii tonaltiy: post tonic prolongation of tone group This is summarized as Table 7-29"Tone concord and tone sequence in clause 7.7 Clause complexing in Texts Text 1 Child, age 7, and parent Text 2 Monograph

4 p.448) 7.5.2 Reporting (“indirect speech”): mental process, hypotaxis A. Types of reporting (mental process, hypotaxis) (i) “Like” type (ii) “Please” type B. Verbs serving as Process in “mental” clauses reporting ideas (see Table 7-20 on p.450) 7.5.3 Reporting speech, quoting thoughts A. Reporting speech B. Quoting thoughts 7.5.4 Projecting offers and commands A. Quoting offers and commands B. Reporting offers and commands 7.5.5 Quoting vs. reporting; free indirect speech A. Quoting and reporting as modes of projection B. Free indirect speech: a third mode of projection 7.5.6 Embedded locutions and ideas A. Nominal group with embedded projection (see Fig. 7-21 on p.467) B. Nouns of projection and nouns as fact (see Table 7-25 on p.469) 7.5.7 Facts A. Attributive clause with projected fact B. Attribute: adjective / noun (see Table 7-26 on p.475) C. Mental process with idea and fact D. Hypothactic projection vs. fact as postposed subject (see Fig. 7-24 on p. 477) 7.5.8 Summary of projection Projection of propositions and proposals (see Table 7-28 on p.481) 7.6 Clause complex and tone The intonation patterns as realizing systemic selections within the clause complex include: (i) tone concord: sequences of two or more instances of the same tone; (ii) tone sequences: sequences of two tones, 1 1, 3 1, 4 1; (iii) tonaltiy: post tonic prolongation of tone group. This is summarized as Table 7-29 “Tone concord and tone sequence in clause complexes” (p.483) 7.7 Clause complexing in Texts Text 1 Child, age 7, and parent Text 2 Monograph