西南大学：《系统功能语言学 Systemic Functional Linguistics》课程教学讲义_Part I The clause 02 Towards a functional grammar

2 Towards a functional grammar 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis Syntagmatic/lexical( (1)a. the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria b the mimosa trees of the bushveld the soil of this beautiful country (2)the jacaranda trees of Pretoria Delicti Post-Deictic Classifier Thi (i) Paradigmatic or grammatical /structure (2)the carand a tree of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifie ( Paradigmatic /lexical( the lexical set) A. Semantic field collocation: tree /flower/grass, etc. grow B Word association: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy meronymy (iv) Paradigmatic /grammatical(the grammatical system) A. The system of PERSON speake speech roles PERSON lessee B The system of NUMBER NUMBER Plural 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline Lexico-grammar (stratum of wording) gra ammar lexis (closed systems, general (open sets, specific in in meaning: structure) meaning: collocation) 2. 3 Grammaticalization 23.1 Grammaticalization definition Grammaticalization is a process by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform through sound change and languag migration to become grammatical markers(affixes, prepositions, etc. ) It is a powerful aspect of language, as it creates new function words within language, by separating functions from their original inflectional and bound constructions (i.e. from content words B Grammaticalization and semogenesis Grammaticalization in ontogenetic time (ii) grammaticalization in phylogenetic time

1 2 Towards a functional grammar 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis (i) Syntagmatic / lexical (collocation) (1) a. the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria b. the mimosa trees of the bushveld c. the soil of this beautiful country (2) the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifier (ii) Paradigmatic or grammatical / structure (2) the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifier (iii) Paradigmatic / lexical (the lexical set) A. Semantic field & collocation: tree / flower / grass, etc. + grow B. Word association: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy & meronymy (iv) Paradigmatic / grammatical (the grammatical system) A. The system of PERSON speaker speech roles PERSON addressee other roles B. The system of NUMBER Singular NUMBER Plural 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline Lexico-grammar (stratum of wording) grammar lexis (closed systems, general (open sets, specific in in meaning: structure) meaning: collocation) 2.3 Grammaticalization 2.3.1 Grammaticalization: definition Grammaticalization is a process by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform through sound change and language migration to become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.). It is a powerful aspect of language, as it creates new function words within language, by separating functions from their original inflectional and bound constructions (i.e. from content words). B. Grammaticalization and semogenesis (i) Grammaticalization in ontogenetic time (ii) Grammaticalization in phylogenetic time

Provides ovIde Ontogenesis environment for materials for Logogenesis 2.4 Grammar and the corpus The corpus was originally conceived as a tool for the study of grammar How can corpus be used as a tool for grammatical research? Some examples of corpuses(see Table 2-4 on p. 49, and Table 2-5 on p. 50) 2. 5 Classes and functions a class is a set of items that are in some respect alike (1) Classes in traditional grammar A)Classes of words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, pronouns articles, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections B)Classes of group and phrase: noun(nominal) phrase, verb group phrase adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase group, etc C)Classes of clause: (1) Functionally: indicative(declarative, interrogative-yes /no, WH-), imperative, exclamatory;(2) structurally: simple, compound, complex, compound complex, (complex compound); minor vs. major D)Classes of morpheme: free vs bound(inflectional vS derivative ); affix(suffix vS prefix) Word classes in a systemic functional grammar of English(see Fig. 2-8 on p. 52) 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme A Subject: grammatical subject (5)a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot b. My aunt was given this teapot by the duke B. acte psY (5)a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot b This teapot of my aunt was given by the duke C. Theme: logical subject (5)a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot b. This teapot the duke gave my aunt c. This teapot my aunt was given by the duke (topicalization 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme (1)王冕死了父亲 (2)台上坐着主席团

2 Phylogenesis Provides Provides Ontogenesis environment for materials for Logogenesis 2.4 Grammar and the corpus The corpus was originally conceived as a tool for the study of grammar. How can corpus be used as a tool for grammatical research? Some examples of corpuses (see Table 2-4 on p.49, and Table 2-5 on p.50) 2.5 Classes and functions A class is a set of items that are in some respect alike. (1) Classes in traditional grammar: A) Classes of words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, pronouns, articles, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections B) Classes of group and phrase: noun (nominal) phrase, verb group & phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase & group, etc. C) Classes of clause: (1) Functionally: indicative (declarative, interrogative – yes /no, WH-), imperative, exclamatory; (2) structurally: simple, compound, complex, compound complex, (complex compound); minor vs. major D) Classes of morpheme: free vs. bound (inflectional vs. derivative); affix (suffix vs. prefix) Word classes in a systemic functional grammar of English (see Fig. 2-8 on p.52) 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme A. Subject: grammatical subject (5) a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot. b. My aunt was given this teapot by the duke. B. Actor: psychological subject (5) a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot. b. This teapot of my aunt was given by the duke. C. Theme: logical subject (5) a. The duke gave my aunt this teapot. b. This teapot the duke gave my aunt. c. This teapot my aunt was given by the duke. (topicalization) 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme (1)王冕死了父亲。 (2)台上坐着主席团