《系统工程》课程教学资源（英文文献）Research on Intelligent Transportation Systems in Taiwan

Research on Intelligent Transportation Systems inTaiwanGuide Words: Intelligent transportation system, Human-centered technology, TaiwanAbstract:In the 21st century, the mainstream of technology development is the interdisciplinaryintegration, together with the human-centered technologies (HT) that emphasizes on friendly serviceforhumanratherthantheforcedadaptationbyhuman.IntelligentTransportation Systems(ITS),anintegrated discipline of sensing,controls,information technology,electronics, communications andtraffic management with transportation systems, represents a typical human-centered large-scale andhighly complex dynamic system.It is aimed to provide the traveler information to increase safety,efficiency, and reduce traffic jam, therefore a more humanistic transportation system. Accordinglynew research topics emerge. Specifically, increasing machine intelligence (Machine I Q)human-in-the-loop control system technology (Human-centered Control), human-based intelligentdialogue interface technology (Human-based Interfacing), vision and communication supported andenhancement systems (Smart Vision, Smart Networking), human physical conditions detection andintelligent control technology (Intelligent Control), multi-agent for large-scale systems to supportinformation analysis (Large-Scale System Analysis). This paper discusses some achievements of HT-ITS in Taiwan, including I TS information and communication platform, traffic dynamics simulationplatform, driving safety assistance systems, and intelligent control technologies applied to nextgeneration smart vehicles. Some experimental demonstrations of Advanced Traveler InformationSystems (ATI S) and Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems (AVCSS) on Taiwan iTS-1 arealso included.L.INTRODUCTIONIntelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the mainstream of the development of next-generationtechnologies. The project of Human-centered technology (HT)-ITS in Taiwan collects researchstrengths from National Chiao-Tung University (NCTU),National Taipei University of Technology(NTUT) and National Central University (NCU) and is organized into five subprojects, eachconsistingofbothfundamentalresearchandapplicationstudieslistedasfollows:Smart Vision --- Biological-inspired Intelligent Vision Technology for ITSSmart Interfacing --- Intelligent Dialogue System for ITs Information AccessSmart Car --- Intelligent Control for Next-Generation Smart CarsSmart Networking --- Advanced Technologies of Communication Networks forITS

Research on Intelligent Transportation Systems in Taiwan Guide Words：Intelligent transportation system, Human-centered technology, Taiwan Abstract：In the 21st century, the mainstream of technology development is the interdisciplinary integration, together with the human-centered technologies (HT) that emphasizes on friendly service for human rather than the forced adaptation by human. Intelligent Transportation Systems (I TS), an integrated discipline of sensing, controls, information technology, electronics, communications and traffic management with transportation systems, represents a typical human-centered large-scale and highly complex dynamic system. I t is aimed to provide the traveler information to increase safety, efficiency, and reduce traffic jam, therefore a more humanistic transportation system. Accordingly, new research topics emerge. Specifically, increasing machine intelligence (Machine I Q), human-in-the-loop control system technology (Human-centered Control), human-based intelligent dialogue interface technology (Human-based Interfacing), vision and communication supported and enhancement systems (Smart Vision, Smart Networking), human physical conditions detection and intelligent control technology (Intelligent Control), multi-agent for large-scale systems to support information analysis (Large-Scale System Analysis). This paper discusses some achievements of HT-I TS in Taiwan, including I TS information and communication platform, traffic dynamics simulation platform, driving safety assistance systems, and intelligent control technologies applied to next generation smart vehicles. Some experimental demonstrations of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATI S) and Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems (AVCSS) on Taiwan iTS-1 are also included. I. INTRODUCTION Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the mainstream of the development of next-generation technologies. The project of Human-centered technology (HT)-ITS in Taiwan collects research strengths from National Chiao-Tung University (NCTU), National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT) and National Central University (NCU) and is organized into five subprojects, each consisting of both fundamental research and application studies listed as follows: Smart Vision - Biological-inspired Intelligent Vision Technology for ITS Smart Interfacing - Intelligent Dialogue System for ITS Information Access Smart Car - Intelligent Control for Next-Generation Smart Cars Smart Networking - Advanced Technologies of Communication Networks for ITS

Smart Agent --- Agent-based Software Engineering for ITSInformationData sosurceprovidersRoadway tratficSmartAgentSmartVisionInformationIISvision systensensorugAdvanced Traveler Information System,ATISrrsInfomationMessage ExchangePlatformtNaITSCenterLarge-scale SystemITSCoicatAnalysisPlatformDriverUserVehicleSafetySystemSmartAgentmart InterfacingmartVisionSAdvancedVehicleControl andSafetysystem,AVCssFig.1HT-ITS coretechnologiesFig.1 shows the HT-ITS core technologies and the physical architecture of the HT-ITS functionsis given in Fig. 2.HT-ITS in Taiwan consists of three major tasks.The first task is to construct andbuildtheinfrastructureof theinformation and communication platformsforsystem integrationverification, and demonstration.In the information demonstration platform,video networks have beeninstalled in NCTU campus, Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP), and some Hsinchu cityintersections.Aweb-based video information compiling systemand an information centerhave alsobeensetupatNCTU.ThisdemonstrationplatformisatestbedfortheITSinformationplatform

Smart Agent - Agent-based Software Engineering for ITS Fig. 1 HT-ITS core technologies Fig. 1 shows the HT-ITS core technologies and the physical architecture of the HT-ITS functions is given in Fig. 2. HT-ITS in Taiwan consists of three major tasks. The first task is to construct and build the infrastructure of the information and communication platforms for system integration, verification, and demonstration. In the information demonstration platform, video networks have been installed in NCTU campus, Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP), and some Hsinchu city intersections. A web-based video information compiling system and an information center have also been set up at NCTU. This demonstration platform is a test bed for the ITS information platform

Travelers/UsersITSCenterTrafficTrafficIncidencengovienPre-trip Agent-basedSurveillanceDetectionwcPersonallnformationLarge-scaleramesPpmmleITSDBMSAnalysisOn-boardTravelerInformationParking-lotInformationVehicle TypelPlateSupportManagementCenterRecognitionWormlesnicationsWirelineCommunicationsRcearviseSmartCarpAsNOParking-lotDriver SafetyCCTVInformationAssistanceRoadsideVehiclesFig.2PhysicalarchitectureofHT-ITSprojectIL.PLATFORMSOFHT-ITSHT-ITSprojecthas constructed andbuilttheinfrastructureoftheinformationand communicationplatforms for systemintegration,verification,and demonstration inTaiwan.Trafficdynamicssimulationplatformwasalsodevelopedforprovidingreal-timetrafficdynamics andtravel timeinformation,In the following,the approaches and achievements for the established information andcommunication platform, traffic dynamics simulation platform, and experimental car (TAIWAN iTS-1)are discussed.RemoteStationTelephoneAdministratorCCIV.."Line.RemoteStationTelephoneOperatorLineRemote?Intemet...Station.IvsServerSiteIPNetwo:Operator口Remote StationRemote StationOperatorAdministratorRemote video monitoringRemote videomonitoring,Cameracontroland sys-and camera controltem managementFig.3Systemarchitectureof thevideo-informationplatform

Fig. 2 Physical architecture of HT-ITS project II. PLATFORMS OF HT-ITS HT-ITS project has constructed and built the infrastructure of the information and communication platforms for system integration, verification, and demonstration in Taiwan. Traffic dynamics simulation platform was also developed for providing real-time traffic dynamics and travel time information. In the following, the approaches and achievements for the established information and communication platform, traffic dynamics simulation platform, and experimental car (TAIWAN iTS-1) are discussed. Fig. 3 System architecture of the video-information platform

Fig.4 Screen-copy of the traffic surveillance and information system(1)InformationandCommunicationPlatform:Theinformationplatformhasbeenimplementedwith high capability of the advanced image enhancement technologies, and all intelligent visiontechnologies was integrated with the platform and installed in Smart Car. In ITS Center, an automaticvision-based traffic surveillance system and an incident detection system have been developed forextracting traffic parameters. The vision-based parking lot information system and license-platerecognitionwerealsodeveloped onthebasis ofvideoinformationplatform.This task has installed a video-information demonstration platform covering NCTU campus,HSIP and partial Hsinchu city roads. The system architecture of the video information platform isillustratedinFig.3.Thistaskimplementedtheintelligentvision-basedinformationplatformanddevelopedtheautomaticcameracalibration.Theobjectiveof cameracalibrationistodeterminealltherequired parameters for estimating the world coordinates from the pixel coordinates of a given point inan imageframeBased on the structure in Fig. 3, the video-information platform has been established in NCTUcampus and HSIP. Fig. 4 shows the area of the video-information demonstration system, there areseventeen CCTV sets covering the major intersections in HSIP. Fig. 5 shows the images captured bythe cameras in the current video-information platform. The other application of information platformin ITS vision system is the image-based parking lot information system. In image-based parking lotmanagementsystem, weget

Fig. 4 Screen-copy of the traffic surveillance and information system (1) Information and Communication Platform: The information platform has been implemented with high capability of the advanced image enhancement technologies; and all intelligent vision technologies was integrated with the platform and installed in Smart Car. In ITS Center, an automatic vision-based traffic surveillance system and an incident detection system have been developed for extracting traffic parameters. The vision-based parking lot information system and license-plate recognition were also developed on the basis of video information platform. This task has installed a video-information demonstration platform covering NCTU campus, HSIP and partial Hsinchu city roads. The system architecture of the video information platform is illustrated in Fig. 3. This task implemented the intelligent vision-based information platform and developed the automatic camera calibration. The objective of camera calibration is to determine all the required parameters for estimating the world coordinates from the pixel coordinates of a given point in an image frame. Based on the structure in Fig. 3, the video-information platform has been established in NCTU campus and HSIP. Fig. 4 shows the area of the video-information demonstration system, there are seventeen CCTV sets covering the major intersections in HSIP. Fig. 5 shows the images captured by the cameras in the current video-information platform. The other application of information platform in ITS vision system is the image-based parking lot information system. In image-based parking lot management system, we get

No.ofstraight Car:004No.of leff Car:008012Total Car NoLeftturn rate0.667Fig.5Imagescapturedbythecamerasinthecurrentvideo-informationplatformMaltiantAIPHPakCPakEsC080400718Fig.6IntelligentparkinglotinformationsystemAfter image processing, the parking lot information sent to ITS center and drivers via wirelesscommunication.All the procedures areprocessedinreal time.This taskdeveloped a new algorithmand shadow detection algorithm in RGB color space. Adaptive parking lot coloring algorithm colorsthe parkinglot withthe most suitable color,and shadow detectionalgorithmhelps us locateshadowregion.Fig.6showstheintelligentparkinglotmanagementsystem

Fig. 5 Images captured by the camerasin the current video-information platform Fig. 6 Intelligent parking lot information system After image processing, the parking lot information sent to ITS center and drivers via wireless communication. All the procedures are processed in real time. This task developed a new algorithm and shadow detection algorithm in RGB color space. Adaptive parking lot coloring algorithm colors the parking lot with the most suitable color, and shadow detection algorithm helps us locate shadow region. Fig. 6 shows the intelligent parking lot management system

IIL.RESEARCHRESULTSThe intelligent vision-based traffic surveillance system has been developed to monitor the trafficflow at six major intersections of the HSIP, as shown in Fig.7.Fig.8 illustrates the systemarchitecture of the complete system. Video streams of H.263 format are provided by an image serverat local sites. The image sequence is transmitted through Internet through a 512kbps ADSL gatewayTomeetthereal-time requirement,a stand-alone image system isdeveloped toestimate the turningratio.The image source is directly captured with an USB image grabber and processed on-site.Allextracted traffic flow data are transmitted to the SQL server through the Internet.The trafficinformationcanbeusedbyroaduserorfortrafficanalysisITS道路蓝控系统E4五·申路经旗行略惠系划怕光Fig.7ITSsurveillanceandinformationsystem

III. RESEARCH RESULTS The intelligent vision-based traffic surveillance system has been developed to monitor the traffic flow at six major intersections of the HSIP, as shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 illustrates the system architecture of the complete system. Video streams of H.263 format are provided by an image server at local sites. The image sequence is transmitted through Internet through a 512kbps ADSL gateway. To meet the real-time requirement, a stand-alone image system is developed to estimate the turning ratio. The image source is directly captured with an USB image grabber and processed on-site. All extracted traffic flow data are transmitted to the SQL server through the Internet. The traffic information can be used by road user or for traffic analysis. Fig. 7 ITS surveillance andinformation system

TrafficFlowEstimationCCDCamera团Road UserADSLInternet0.30RemoteControllerSSQLServerOnSiteTraffic_Monitoring Subsystem!SystemManagerFig.8 System architecture of vision-based traffic surveillance systemThe Car-Counting Method was developed in this traffic surveillance system,which can provideseveral traffic parameters, e.g., traffic volume, traversing speed in specific link (segment) and timeperiod. The Car-Counting program can estimate the traffic volume in specific region of one road.The user can set a time period for update the information on the database. Furthermore, the trafficparameter will be used as input parameter for the network traffic dynamics simulator, then estimatelink and path travel time, In image-based parking lot information/management system, we get imagesfrom camera via internet and detect the remainder vacancies of parking lot. After image processing.wecan sendparkinglotinformation backtoITScenter.Throughweb-browsingand/oragent-basedinformation service via wireless communication, users or drivers can get the real-time parkinginformation.TheimplementationofthecampusDSRCisdonebycollaboratingwithlocal industrycompany, GemTek. Furthermore, the campus DSRC has been upgraded to an IEEE 802.11a-basedwireless network, by which the maximal transmission rate can be up to 54 Mbps.SincethereisnoavailableRSUchipsetinthemarket,wemodifythesoftwareofIEEE802.11MAC to simulate the operation of RSU unit. The DSRC campus network consists of 10 contiguousAPs(RSU)forcontinuous communicationandfive stand-aloneAPsforhot-spotcommunication.Fig9 shows the campus DSRC network in NCTU campus, and the system architecture of campus DSRCcommunication network is shown in Fig. 10. The field test was conducted in the continuoustransmission region where 10 APs are installed.We drove an ITS test car equipped with the OBUcomponent and downloaded thedriving informationto testthedata transmission in theDSRC network.Inthetest,itcanbefoundthattheproposedfasthandoffalgorithm indeed canprovidetheseamlessdatatransmissionovertheDSRCnetwork.Also,theperformanceofthedatatransmissionrate is alsoconducted.Inthetest,themaximumdatarateis5.5Mbpsat50km/hrand11Mbpsat30km/hr.Such

Fig. 8 System architecture of vision-based traffic surveillance system The Car-Counting Method was developed in this traffic surveillance system, which can provide several traffic parameters, e.g., traffic volume, traversing speed in specific link (segment) and time period. The Car-Counting program can estimate the traffic volume in specific region of one road. The user can set a time period for update the information on the database. Furthermore, the traffic parameter will be used as input parameter for the network traffic dynamics simulator, then estimate link and path travel time. In image-based parking lot information/management system, we get images from camera via internet and detect the remainder vacancies of parking lot. After image processing, we can send parking lot information back to ITS center. Through web-browsing and/or agent-based information service via wireless communication, users or drivers can get the real-time parking information. The implementation of the campus DSRC is done by collaborating with local industry company, GemTek. Furthermore, the campus DSRC has been upgraded to an IEEE 802.11a-based wireless network, by which the maximal transmission rate can be up to 54 Mbps. Since there is no available RSU chipset in the market, we modify the software of IEEE 802.11 MAC to simulate the operation of RSU unit. The DSRC campus network consists of 10 contiguous APs (RSU) for continuous communication and five stand-alone APs for hot-spot communication. Fig. 9 shows the campus DSRC network in NCTU campus, and the system architecture of campus DSRC communication network is shown in Fig. 10. The field test was conducted in the continuous transmission region where 10 APs are installed. We drove an ITS test car equipped with the OBU component and downloaded the driving information to testthe data transmission in the DSRC network. In the test, it can be found that the proposed fast handoff algorithm indeed can provide the seamless data transmission over the DSRC network. Also, the performance of the data transmission rate is also conducted. In the test, the maximum data rate is 5.5 Mbps at 50 km/hr and 11 Mbps at 30 km/hr. Such

a data rate is high enough to provide real-time ITS services.Hotspotlotspot2理#居ATwelveApunderContinuousCominunicationFiveHotSpotsHotspat5Fig.9NCTUcampusDSRCnetworkITS GatewayITSBackboneNetworklPublicNetworkGatewayatewaOSRCRSUDSRC哈AdhocfFig.1oSystemarchitectureofcampusDSRCcommunicationnetworkV.CONCLUSIONThis paper shows the main research results of HT-ITS in Taiwan. The functions of the completeITS demonstration system include ITS traffic surveillance and information center, ITS vision systems,intelligent traveler information and safety assistance,spoken man-machine interfaces,intelligentvehicle control and safety assistance, automated driving smart car, advanced communication networks,Adhoc inter-vehiclevideo conference,andsmartagent-basedtravel information.All ITSfunctionshave been real-life demonstrated on NCTU campus, HSIP, partial Hsinchu city roads and Expressway

a data rate is high enough to provide real-time ITS services. Fig. 9 NCTU campus DSRC network Fig. 10 System architecture of campus DSRC communication network V. CONCLUSION This paper shows the main research results of HT-ITS in Taiwan. The functions of the complete ITS demonstration system include ITS traffic surveillance and information center, ITS vision systems, intelligent traveler information and safety assistance, spoken man-machine interfaces, intelligent vehicle control and safety assistance, automated driving smart car, advanced communication networks, Ad hoc inter-vehicle video conference, and smart agent-based travel information. All ITS functions have been real-life demonstrated on NCTU campus, HSIP, partial Hsinchu city roads and Expressway