《系统工程》课程教学资源（英文文献）Quality Evaluation on Manufacturing Enterprise

Quality Evaluation on Manufacturing Enterprise's Logistics SystemDecheng WenSchool of Business &ManagementShandong University27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, Chinawdc928@163.comGaoshan WangSchool of Information ManagementShandong Institute of Economics7366Erhuan Dong Road, Jinan, ShandongProvince, Chinawgs6107@126.comAbstract -In order to excavate the third profit mine sufficiently,manufacturing enterprises need tooptimize its logistics system and improve their logistics system's quality continuously. So themanufacturing enterprises should carry on the synthetic evaluation on the quality of logistics systemin order to understand their logistics system comprehensively and providefoundation information anddirections for their logistics system's adjustment and optimization. This article analyzesmanufacturing enterprise's logistics system with systems engineering method, establishes anevaluation system to the logistics system's quality,and develops one kind of practical evaluationmethod for enterprise's logistics system with Analytic Hierarchy Process. Finally, the paper providesa practical example of a company which produces domestic electric appliance as a guide to use thismethod.Index Terms - Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality evaluation, Manufacturing enterprise'slogistics system, Systems engineeringIINTRODUCTIONThe modern logistics system has become the "the third profit mine" for manufacturing enterprises.In order to excavate the third profit mine sufficiently, the manufacturing enterprises need to optimizetheir logistics system and improve their logistics system's quality continuously. So manufacturingenterprises should carry on the synthetic evaluation on the quality of logistics system in order tounderstand logistics system comprehensively,and then provide foundation information and directionfor the system's adjustment and optimization. It is necessary to establish a quality evaluation system

Quality Evaluation on Manufacturing Enterprise’s Logistics System Decheng Wen School of Business & Management Shandong University 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, China wdc928@163.com Gaoshan Wang School of Information Management Shandong Institute of Economics 7366 Erhuan Dong Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, China wgs6107@126.com Abstract - In order to excavate the third profit mine sufficiently, manufacturing enterprises need to optimize its logistics system and improve their logistics system’s quality continuously. So the manufacturing enterprises should carry on the synthetic evaluation on the quality of logistics system in order to understand their logistics system comprehensively and provide foundation information and directions for their logistics system’s adjustment and optimization. This article analyzes manufacturing enterprise’s logistics system with systems engineering method, establishes an evaluation system to the logistics system’s quality, and develops one kind of practical evaluation method for enterprise’s logistics system with Analytic Hierarchy Process. Finally, the paper provides a practical example of a company which produces domestic electric appliance as a guide to use this method. Index Terms - Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality evaluation, Manufacturing enterprise’s logistics system, Systems engineering I. INTRODUCTION The modern logistics system has become the "the third profit mine" for manufacturing enterprises. In order to excavate the third profit mine sufficiently, the manufacturing enterprises need to optimize their logistics system and improve their logistics system’s quality continuously. So manufacturing enterprises should carry on the synthetic evaluation on the quality of logistics system in order to understand logistics system comprehensively, and then provide foundation information and direction for the system’s adjustment and optimization. It is necessary to establish a quality evaluation system

for the logistics system.The quality evaluation system should select properevaluationmethods andprovide scientific tools for appraising enterprise logistics system's quality synthetically.II. ESTABLISHTHEQUALITYEVALUATION SYSTEMIn order to evaluate the quality of logistics system well and truly,manufacturing enterprises shouldestablish a scientific evaluation system firstly [1].A.Principles of evaluation system designAlong with the progress of logistics theory and technical practice, it is necessary and possible toestablish a proper evaluation system for logistics system in order to reflect the real condition of acompany'slogisticssystem.Sucha systemshould reflectthe company's own requirements and itscustomer'sdemandsobjectively,and shouldbeeasytobeunderstoodandaccepted.Sosomeprinciples should be followed when designing the quality evaluation system for logistics system, suchas the objectivity principle, the system principle, the feasibility principle, the integrality principle, thevalidityprincipleand thepertinenceprincipleB.Composition ofevaluation systemThe quality evaluation of the manufacturing enterprise's logistics system is a kind of complexsystem engineering,and must adopt a reasonable system framework for a simple combination ofseveral indexes cannot reflect the logistics system's quality correctly.The enterprise logistics system'squality mainly refers to the completion degree of the functions such as purchase, transportation,storage, allocation and distribution and so on, thus the quality evaluation system should also mainlycontain the indexes, which have direct or indirect relations to thefunctions, such as supplier's quality,supply logistics, storage, information level, logistics technology and so on. See Fig. 1.Quality evaluation ofenterprise's logistics systemlogisticsBQuality of SupplyEvaluation of SupplierAStockFunctionDQualityof DistributionSystemFLogistics InformationLogisticsELogisticsCQualityofProductionFig.IEvaluation indexes ofmanufacturing enterprise'slogistics system

for the logistics system. The quality evaluation system should select proper evaluation methods and provide scientific tools for appraising enterprise logistics system’s quality synthetically. II. ESTABLISH THE QUALITY EVALUATION SYSTEM In order to evaluate the quality of logistics system well and truly, manufacturing enterprises should establish a scientific evaluation system firstly [1]. A. Principles of evaluation system design Along with the progress of logistics theory and technical practice, it is necessary and possible to establish a proper evaluation system for logistics system in order to reflect the real condition of a company’s logistics system. Such a system should reflect the company’s own requirements and its customer’s demands objectively, and should be easy to be understood and accepted. So some principles should be followed when designing the quality evaluation system for logistics system, such as the objectivity principle, the system principle, the feasibility principle, the integrality principle, the validity principle and the pertinence principle. B. Composition of evaluation system The quality evaluation of the manufacturing enterprise’s logistics system is a kind of complex system engineering, and must adopt a reasonable system framework for a simple combination of several indexes cannot reflect the logistics system’s quality correctly. The enterprise logistics system’s quality mainly refers to the completion degree of the functions such as purchase, transportation, storage, allocation and distribution and so on, thus the quality evaluation system should also mainly contain the indexes, which have direct or indirect relations to the functions, such as supplier's quality, supply logistics, storage, information level, logistics technology and so on. See Fig. 1. Fig. 1 Evaluation indexes of manufacturing enterprise’s logistics system

1)EvaluationofsupplierSupplier management is an important part of logistics management. And manufacturing enterpriseswhich adopt modern production pattern, such as JIT, pay more attention to supplier management [2-6j.Delivery delays,Oos (Out-of-Stock)ofmaterials or components, and quality problems can resultin serious kickbacks for the manufacturing enterprise, such as disturbing productive plan, increasingcost of inventory and soon.Therefore,enterprises must carry on evaluation of supplier'squality,andmakeit beakeypartofthequality evaluation systemoflogisticssystem.The index system of supplier's evaluation is the basis and the standard to carry on the evaluation ofsuppliers synthetically. The indexes should involve all the factors that can affect supply cooperationrelationship, such as supplier's prestige, financial condition, quality control and guarantee,flexibilitylead time, shipment in time, and delivery agreement and so on, as Fig. 2 shows.Evaluation of Supplier ARiskServiceReputatGuaranteeA4ofqualityqualityionandandA2financeA3quantityLAlqualityAnSurveytasksTerrorGuaraSto0SurMarket credit432ReliantlevelAmeuantityeauDelFlexibilitynancialveyendmeAlnteeprocessoftasksA13on10conditionasureofA2processoftimeAlIA14A42A23A242A2?Fig.2Targets system of suppliers'quality evaluationMore and more enterprises are realizing gradually the importance to establish good relationshipwith the suppliers, and realizing that it is improper to choose suppliers purely by the product's priceSo, enterprises should consider supplier's evaluation indexes across-the-board. In order to meet therequirements of customers and mutative market, manufacturing enterprises should improve theirproducts unceasingly. Therefore, suppliers are asked to provide diversiform, timely and flexiblesupplyofrawmaterialsandparts,2)Qualityofsupplylogistics

1) Evaluation of supplier Supplier management is an important part of logistics management. And manufacturing enterprises which adopt modern production pattern, such as JIT, pay more attention to supplier management [2- 6]. Delivery delays, OOS (Out-of- Stock) of materials or components, and quality problems can result in serious kickbacks for the manufacturing enterprise, such as disturbing productive plan, increasing cost of inventory and so on. Therefore, enterprises must carry on evaluation of supplier's quality, and make it be a key part of the quality evaluation system of logistics system. The index system of supplier’s evaluation is the basis and the standard to carry on the evaluation of suppliers synthetically. The indexes should involve all the factors that can affect supply cooperation relationship, such as supplier's prestige, financial condition, quality control and guarantee, flexibility, lead time, shipment in time, and delivery agreement and so on, as Fig. 2 shows. Fig. 2 Targets system of suppliers’ quality evaluation More and more enterprises are realizing gradually the importance to establish good relationship with the suppliers, and realizing that it is improper to choose suppliers purely by the product’s price. So, enterprises should consider supplier's evaluation indexes across-the-board. In order to meet the requirements of customers and mutative market, manufacturing enterprises should improve their products unceasingly. Therefore, suppliers are asked to provide diversiform, timely and flexible supply of raw materials and parts. 2) Quality of supply logistics

Supplylogistics refers to theflow activity ofenterprise's materials and parts from its supplier omiddleman to workshop.Productivity of supply logistics is the relationship between output and input that used in supplyingrawmaterialsandparts.Cost of supply logistics,which can be reflected by turnover days of reserve capital and the costratio of supply logistics, has become a focus of enterprise's supply logistics system. Reducingreserve's turnover days and cuttingdown the cost ratio of supply logistics can cut down the cost ofsupply logistics and the cost of production, which can result in stronger price superiority and marketcompetitive power for a manufacturing enterprise [7].Workshop is the customer of purchasing department, and the quality of supply service is thepremise of regular production of workshop.The quality of service can be reflected by the realizationrate of supply plan and the reject rate of purchase. High realization rate of supply plan can meet theworkshop's needs well.The reject ofpurchasewould wasteand affect manufactured product's quality[8]. See Fig. 3.QualityofSupplylogisticsBCost control BzService quality B,Productivity BB13Supplycapacityperpersonplan B31Turnover days of reserveCost ratioofsupplyRealization rate of supplyReject rate of purchase B32ofmillion Yuan output B12capital B21logisticsB22Yuanoutput BiConsumptionofmillionReserve being impropriatedFig.3Qualityevaluationsystemofsupplierlogistics3)QualityofproductionlogisticsProduction logistics belongstoenterprise's interiorlogistics.It is theintegration of materials,inprocess products, equipments and infrastructure which are used in the process of carrying,machiningdepositingandtransformingaswellastherelatedinformationandpersons.Reducingthecostof

Supply logistics refers to the flow activity of enterprise’s materials and parts from its supplier or middleman to workshop. Productivity of supply logistics is the relationship between output and input that used in supplying raw materials and parts. Cost of supply logistics, which can be reflected by turnover days of reserve capital and the cost ratio of supply logistics, has become a focus of enterprise’s supply logistics system. Reducing reserve’s turnover days and cutting down the cost ratio of supply logistics can cut down the cost of supply logistics and the cost of production, which can result in stronger price superiority and market competitive power for a manufacturing enterprise [7]. Workshop is the customer of purchasing department, and the quality of supply service is the premise of regular production of workshop. The quality of service can be reflected by the realization rate of supply plan and the reject rate of purchase. High realization rate of supply plan can meet the workshop’s needs well. The reject of purchase would waste and affect manufactured product’s quality [8]. See Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Quality evaluation system of supplier logistics 3) Quality of production logistics Production logistics belongs to enterprise’s interior logistics. It is the integration of materials, in process products, equipments and infrastructure which are used in the process of carrying, machining, depositing and transforming as well as the related information and persons. Reducing the cost of

production logistics can cut down the cost of production, so the cost and the convey task in productionlogistics should be taken into consideration [9]. It is as Fig. 4 shows.Qualityof ProductionLogisticsCConveying task CCost control C2ofequipments C13conveyWorkequipments C12Syntheticmaterials C14cost to output C2iPercentageIntegrityrateumit nalerial C22Task inunit time CllLOSSTransitepersonnel C1sefficiencycostutilizingofofof conveyratioconveytransitrateof0Fig.4Quality evaluation system of production logisticsTask volume per unit time reflects the speed of material's transformation. This index can reflecthow well the enterprise manages its inner transportation's speed. The bigger its value is, the faster thegoods are transformed. As mentioned above, the convey technology condition and the degree of itsutilization influence material's movement directly, so the rate of convey equipment in good conditionand the comprehensive utilization rate of equipments can be used to evaluate thequality of logisticssystem.The comprehensive utilization rate of equipments reflects the using degree of the equipmentsThese two indexes complement each other and can reflect the management level of equipmentcomprehensivelyThe material's transporting should guarantee that the materials are not only transported quickly butalso not be damaged during the transporting. Therefore, the rate of materials' loss in transporting alsoshould beconsidered.Work efficiency of transport worker also affects the operating efficiency of transport. In order toimprove the work efficiency of transport worker, an enterprise must organize its workers well,enhancetheir technique and arouse their enthusiasm.The index can reflect thetransportefficiency andenthusiasmoftransportworkers.4)Stock function

production logistics can cut down the cost of production, so the cost and the convey task in production logistics should be taken into consideration [9]. It is as Fig. 4 shows. Fig. 4 Quality evaluation system of production logistics Task volume per unit time reflects the speed of material’s transformation. This index can reflect how well the enterprise manages its inner transportation’s speed. The bigger its value is, the faster the goods are transformed. As mentioned above, the convey technology condition and the degree of its utilization influence material’s movement directly, so the rate of convey equipment in good condition and the comprehensive utilization rate of equipments can be used to evaluate the quality of logistics system. The comprehensive utilization rate of equipments reflects the using degree of the equipments. These two indexes complement each other and can reflect the management level of equipment comprehensively. The material’s transporting should guarantee that the materials are not only transported quickly but also not be damaged during the transporting. Therefore, the rate of materials’ loss in transporting also should be considered. Work efficiency of transport worker also affects the operating efficiency of transport. In order to improve the work efficiency of transport worker, an enterprise must organize its workers well, enhance their technique and arouse their enthusiasm. The index can reflect the transport efficiency and enthusiasm of transport workers. 4) Stock function

Stock function helps to prevent the shortage of materials and parts, to keep the continuity oftheproduction process, to share the ordering expense, to meet the customer's ordering request fast. Thisfunction mainly includes the degree ofstocklimit, therateofprompt work intime,the ability ofaccurate receiving and dispatching products, the period of stock turnover and so on.Stock capacity is the basic demand of stock. The rate of prompt work in time is defined accordingto the requestof"rapidly","in time"in logistics system.“Rapidly"referstothelogistics'speed that isstipulated and a process can be called rapidly"if the work is finished in time.Service quality of stock supports the distribution logistics absolutely.The efficiency of stockservice is a key factor. The ability of accurate receiving and dispatching goods is the keystone, and theaccurateshippingrate,theaccurateselectionrateand soonarealso importanttoreflecttheservicequality of stock.In the target of cost control, inventory cycle time reflects the stock time. The rate of damagedgoods reflects the ratio that damaged cargo to total. See Fig. 5.Stock function DStock capacity DService quality D,Cost control D;Degree of stockRateofpromptshipment D21D23Ability of accuratetime Ds1Inventory cycleD32limit Duworkin time D12Rateof accurateselectingRateof accuratedispatching goodsLoss rate of goodsreceivingD22andFig.5Qualityevaluationsystemofstockfunction5)QualityofdistributionlogisticsEnterprisescouldattractmorebuyersbylowerprice,andgainconsumer'strustbyexcellentquality,andthen improve its reputation.Quality evaluation of distribution logisticsmainlyincludesthe average time of allocating and dispatching, the ability of punctual delivery, the rate of orderfulfilling, the loss level of mistakes, the level of customer satisfaction, cost control of allocating anddispatching and so on

Stock function helps to prevent the shortage of materials and parts, to keep the continuity of the production process, to share the ordering expense, to meet the customer’s ordering request fast. This function mainly includes the degree of stock limit, the rate of prompt work in time, the ability of accurate receiving and dispatching products, the period of stock turnover and so on. Stock capacity is the basic demand of stock. The rate of prompt work in time is defined according to the request of "rapidly", "in time" in logistics system. “Rapidly” refers to the logistics’ speed that is stipulated and a process can be called “rapidly” if the work is finished in time. Service quality of stock supports the distribution logistics absolutely. The efficiency of stock service is a key factor. The ability of accurate receiving and dispatching goods is the keystone, and the accurate shipping rate, the accurate selection rate and so on are also important to reflect the service quality of stock. In the target of cost control, inventory cycle time reflects the stock time. The rate of damaged goods reflects the ratio that damaged cargo to total. See Fig. 5. Fig. 5 Quality evaluation system of stock function 5) Quality of distribution logistics Enterprises could attract more buyers by lower price, and gain consumer's trust by excellent quality, and then improve its reputation. Quality evaluation of distribution logistics mainly includes the average time of allocating and dispatching, the ability of punctual delivery, the rate of order fulfilling, the loss level of mistakes, the level of customer satisfaction, cost control of allocating and dispatching and so on

Thecostcontroltargetmainlycontainstheaverageallocatinganddispatchingcostofeachbatchthe expense rate of distribution logistics, the rate of reasonable logistics, economic efficiency and soon.“Each order" in “average allocating and dispatching cost of each order" can be expressed byweight or the transportation equivalent, like per ton,per car,perkilometers car.Economic efficiencyand economic benefit of logistics are two comprehensive targets, which can reflect logisticsreasonable degree totally.In the evaluation system of logistics, the quantity expansion target of logistics mainly refers to theproductivity of distribution logistics and the productivity can be quantified by turnover days ofproduct and average allocating and dispatching goods per day."Quick" is the most basic request for an effective logistics system, and "Good" is the qualityrequest for a reasonable logistics system.The rationalization mainly emphasizes such aspects as“intime",“accuracy", "safe", "little damages",“customer satisfaction" and so on. So the evaluation indexsystem focus mainly on the average reflecting time of allocating and dispatching, the punctualdelivery rate, the rate of fulfilling orders, the loss level of mistakes, the market prestige, after-salecustomer satisfaction level and so on. See Fig. 6.QualityofDistribution LogisticsECost controlEProductivity E2ServicequalityEadispatching cost of each batchdispatchingExpenseRate of reasonable logistics E13514dispatchinglogisticsE12cconomigTurnoverAverageAverageAbility of punctual delivery E32LevelverageLateoforderossleveMarketofcreditcustomersatisfaction E36timedatofrateefficiency西E31rfulfillingmistakeallocatingE35二of allocatingofproduconedaydistributionE34andE国benefitEEland皇andFig.6Qualityevaluation systemofdistributionlogistics6)LogisticsinformationsystemThe enterprise logistics information system play a role of nerve center in enterprise logisticsactivities, by which the enterprises observe and control entire logistics system's operating

The cost control target mainly contains the average allocating and dispatching cost of each batch, the expense rate of distribution logistics, the rate of reasonable logistics, economic efficiency and so on. “Each order” in “average allocating and dispatching cost of each order” can be expressed by weight or the transportation equivalent, like per ton, per car, per kilometers car. Economic efficiency and economic benefit of logistics are two comprehensive targets, which can reflect logistics’ reasonable degree totally. In the evaluation system of logistics, the quantity expansion target of logistics mainly refers to the productivity of distribution logistics and the productivity can be quantified by turnover days of product and average allocating and dispatching goods per day. "Quick" is the most basic request for an effective logistics system, and "Good" is the quality request for a reasonable logistics system. The rationalization mainly emphasizes such aspects as “in time”, “accuracy”, “safe”, “little damages”, “customer satisfaction” and so on. So the evaluation index system focus mainly on the average reflecting time of allocating and dispatching, the punctual delivery rate, the rate of fulfilling orders, the loss level of mistakes, the market prestige, after-sale customer satisfaction level and so on. See Fig. 6. Fig. 6 Quality evaluation system of distribution logistics 6) Logistics information system The enterprise logistics information system play a role of nerve center in enterprise logistics activities, by which the enterprises observe and control entire logistics system’s operating

comprehensively,implementdynamicmanagement,and carry ontheoptimum compositionandthereasonable disposition to essential factors of the logistics process. Therefore, in order to improve itslogistics system, an enterprise must develop a logistics information system [10]a)Information levelIn order to support the operation of logistics system, it is essential to provide logistics informationrapidly, accurately,promptly and comprehensively. Information's standardization degree is anevaluationstandard of informationlevel.Various subsystems inthelogisticsarelinkedupmutuallyby information, and the basic resources'dispatching in the system is realized by the informationtransmission.b)Logistics informationtechnologyLogistics information technology is regarded as the main drive to enhance the productivity andcompetitive power. The evaluation target of information technology mainly includes the level ofhardware, the advanced degree of software, the application level of logistics technology and the abilityof technical personnel and so on, as Fig.7 shows.Logistics InformationSystemFTechnologyof LogisticsInformation level FiInformation F2EeslornawaeAbility of technicalInformation capacitysoftware F22StandardizationF12Advanced degree oflogistics technologyApplicatipersonnel F24degree FiilevelofFig.7Quality evaluation system of information and technologyThe above index system is described in a hierarchy structure. In Fig. 1, the first (O) is the targethierarchy which is the goal that should be evaluated. The second level in Fig.1 is the sub targethierarchy, including indexes A, B... F, which are the principal aspects and should be considered in theevaluating process. From Fig. 2 to Fig.7, the paper divides each sub target into some evaluationcriterions, and then use some targets that can be calculated and operated to describe separatelyIL.HIERARCHYANALYSISOFLOGISTICSSYSTEM'SQUALITY

comprehensively, implement dynamic management, and carry on the optimum composition and the reasonable disposition to essential factors of the logistics process. Therefore, in order to improve its logistics system, an enterprise must develop a logistics information system [10]. a) Information level In order to support the operation of logistics system, it is essential to provide logistics information rapidly, accurately, promptly and comprehensively. Information’s standardization degree is an evaluation standard of information level. Various subsystems in the logistics are linked up mutually by information, and the basic resources’ dispatching in the system is realized by the information transmission. b) Logistics information technology Logistics information technology is regarded as the main drive to enhance the productivity and competitive power. The evaluation target of information technology mainly includes the level of hardware, the advanced degree of software, the application level of logistics technology and the ability of technical personnel and so on, as Fig.7 shows. Fig.7 Quality evaluation system of information and technology The above index system is described in a hierarchy structure. In Fig. 1, the first (O) is the target hierarchy which is the goal that should be evaluated. The second level in Fig.1 is the sub target hierarchy, including indexes A, B. F, which are the principal aspects and should be considered in the evaluating process. From Fig. 2 to Fig.7, the paper divides each sub target into some evaluation criterions, and then use some targets that can be calculated and operated to describe separately. III. HIERARCHY ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS SYSTEM’S QUALITY

Thecontributionofeachindexofthesystemisdifferent,soitisnecessarytoestablishanindexweighing system. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) may unify the qualitative analysis and thequantitative analysis and carry on the multiobjectives evaluation analysis, which is one kind ofsuccinct and practical decision-making methodA.Establish the hierarchy modelAfter analyzing the question thoroughly, factors contained in the questionnaire could be dividedinto different levels, as Fig.1 shows, which have target hierarchy, criterion hierarchy and targethierarchy and so on. If one hierarchy contains too many factors, we could divide this level into certainsublevelsfurtherB.Establish the judgment matrixValues in the judgment matrix reflect each factor's importance. When the factor's importance canbe explained by ratio which has practical significance, the corresponding value of judgment matrixcantakethisratioC.Hierarchical simplex sortingand consistency checkEachvaluein judgmentmatrixistheevaluationvalueoftwofactors inviewofonehigherhierarchy factor. Hierarchical simplex sorting refers to order all the factors in the same hierarchy byits importance to one higher hierarchy's factor.A main computational method is the square rootmethod, at last eigenvector could be gotten: W=(Wi, W2, ..., W.), which is the sorting result. Stepsof the root method are as follows.Firstly, to calculate the product of each row numbers in comparison matrix:

The contribution of each index of the system is different, so it is necessary to establish an index weighing system. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) may unify the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis and carry on the multiobjectives evaluation analysis, which is one kind of succinct and practical decision-making method A. Establish the hierarchy model After analyzing the question thoroughly, factors contained in the questionnaire could be divided into different levels, as Fig.1 shows, which have target hierarchy, criterion hierarchy and target hierarchy and so on. If one hierarchy contains too many factors, we could divide this level into certain sublevels further. B. Establish the judgment matrix Values in the judgment matrix reflect each factor’s importance. When the factor’s importance can be explained by ratio which has practical significance, the corresponding value of judgment matrix can take this ratio. C. Hierarchical simplex sorting and consistency check Each value in judgment matrix is the evaluation value of two factors in view of one higher hierarchy factor. Hierarchical simplex sorting refers to order all the factors in the same hierarchy by its importance to one higher hierarchy’s factor. A main computational method is the square root method, at last eigenvector could be gotten: W=(W1, W2, ., Wn) T, which is the sorting result. Steps of the root method are as follows. Firstly, to calculate the product of each row numbers in comparison matrix:

(1)MX,isthejthnumberatirowincomparisonmatrix.Secondly,to calculate the result's root(2)W,="M,Thirdly, to get the eigenvector.(3)W,=w./Zw(4)W=(W..W.,...W.)"In order to do the consistency testing,the consistencytestingtargetCI should becalculated:(5)CI =(amax-n)/(n-1)1(6)Z(AW)i/nWimaxi=lAmax is the largest eigenvalue, (AW); is the ith factor in vector AW. The sorting result hassatisfactory uniformity when the stochastic consistency ratio CR=CI/RI<0.10.Otherwise it isnecessary to adjust the numbers of judgment matrix. RI is the average stochastic consistency target, asTableI shows.TABLEIVALUEOFAVERAGE STOCHASTIC CONSISTENCYTARGETRI6234589门nRI0.000.000.580.901.121.241.321.411.45TABLEIICALCULATING TABLEOFTOTALHIERARCHY SORTHierarchyAA;A2AnB:Weights of total hierarchicalsortingHierarchyB3azanB,blbnbimZabyB,Pababam......Ea,bai1":目11B.brabambal...ZabD.Total hierarchical sortingTotal hierarchical sorting refers to order all factors regarding to the target hierarchy,which carrieson from the highest hierarchy to the lowest hierarchy. If a higher hierarchy A contains m factors, suchas A,A2...... Am, the result of total hierarchy sorting is ai, a2..., am; the next hierarchy B contains nfactors Bi, B2.., Bn, the result of each hierarchy sorting regarding to the factor B, is buj,bzij...,bnj

λmax is the largest eigenvalue, (AW)i is the ith factor in vector AW. The sorting result has satisfactory uniformity when the stochastic consistency ratio CR=CI/RI<0.10. Otherwise it is necessary to adjust the numbers of judgment matrix. RI is the average stochastic consistency target, as Table I shows. TABLE I VALUE OF AVERAGE STOCHASTIC CONSISTENCY TARGET RI TABLE II CALCULATING TABLE OF TOTAL HIERARCHY SORT D. Total hierarchical sorting Total hierarchical sorting refers to order all factors regarding to the target hierarchy, which carries on from the highest hierarchy to the lowest hierarchy. If a higher hierarchy A contains m factors, such as A1,A2,. . Am, the result of total hierarchy sorting is a1, a2,., am; the next hierarchy B contains n factors B1, B2,., Bn, the result of each hierarchy sorting regarding to the factor Bj is b1j,b2j,.,bnj