《系统工程》课程教学资源（英文文献）Study on Supervision, Alarm and Emergency System for Subway in Big City

Study on Supervision, Alarm and EmergencySystem for Subway in Big CityGuide Words: Component; safety; emergency, supervision and alarm;,Abstract: In recent years, more and more emergency event occurred in national and internationalsubway transportation system, which brings huge challenge for Subway safety. With the increase ofsubway mileage in big city in China, it is very important and urgent to build a supervision, alarm andemergency system in order to ensure the safety of subway transportation. In this paper, on the basis toanalysis the risk of emergency event that faced by subway, the framework of supervision, alarm andemergency system are given, the main function and interface of supervision, alarm and emergencysystem also are outlined.L.INTRODUCTIONSubway transportation in big city as a large volume, fast, punctual, comfortable and safetytransport system, has provided the effective means to ease the city traffic jams, inadequate capacityand other issues. At present, the construction of subway transportation network is speeding up, theoperating mileage is expanding and the number of transported passengers has been increased in manymajorcitiesof China.Asamatterof factthatthesubwaytransportationisa complexsystemwhichinvolves many departments, strong professional of operating organizations, complex technicalequipment and closed operation, oncefaced by road failures, natural disasters, man-made destructionand other unexpected events, because the close and limited of the rescue space, it will be difficult inevacuation and rescue, more easily to have a run congestion, and a improper disposal will lead toenormous loss of lifeand property,which will makea significant impact on economic and social life.Especially in recent years, the international security situation has faced serious challenges.According to the frequency of unexpected events such as gas, fire, explosion occurred in subwaytransportation, the problem of subway transportation operational safety becomes abnormal prominentSuch as the gas attack which happened in Tokyo, Japan in 1995, which caused 12 people death, morethan 3,000 people injured, 16 subway stations were affected by the gas source; In 2003 the subwaytransport catastrophic fire events occurred at Daegu City, Korea, which led 198 deaths and 147injuries; The explosion of subway transportation happened in London in2005, caused more than 50people deaths and 70o injured, all subway transport were suspended and the traffic was paralyzed, TheMoscow subway transportation bombing in 2010, which has led 38 deaths and 63 injuries. Security isthe most important topics in subway transportation operation. So it is with a great significance that the

Study on Supervision, Alarm and Emergency System for Subway in Big City Guide Words：Component; safety; emergency; supervision and alarm;. Abstract：In recent years, more and more emergency event occurred in national and international subway transportation system, which brings huge challenge for Subway safety. With the increase of subway mileage in big city in China, it is very important and urgent to build a supervision, alarm and emergency system in order to ensure the safety of subway transportation. In this paper, on the basis to analysis the risk of emergency event that faced by subway, the framework of supervision, alarm and emergency system are given, the main function and interface of supervision, alarm and emergency system also are outlined. I. INTRODUCTION Subway transportation in big city as a large volume, fast, punctual, comfortable and safety transport system, has provided the effective means to ease the city traffic jams, inadequate capacity and other issues. At present, the construction of subway transportation network is speeding up, the operating mileage is expanding and the number of transported passengers has been increased in many major cities of China. As a matter of fact that the subway transportation is a complex system which involves many departments, strong professional of operating organizations, complex technical equipment and closed operation, once faced by road failures, natural disasters, man-made destruction and other unexpected events, because the close and limited of the rescue space, it will be difficult in evacuation and rescue, more easily to have a run congestion, and a improper disposal will lead to enormous loss of life and property, which will make a significant impact on economic and social life. Especially in recent years, the international security situation has faced serious challenges. According to the frequency of unexpected events such as gas, fire, explosion occurred in subway transportation, the problem of subway transportation operational safety becomes abnormal prominent. Such as the gas attack which happened in Tokyo, Japan in 1995, which caused 12 people death, more than 3,000 people injured, 16 subway stations were affected by the gas source; In 2003 the subway transport catastrophic fire events occurred at Daegu City, Korea, which led 198 deaths and 147 injuries; The explosion of subway transportation happened in London in2005, caused more than 50 people deaths and 700 injured, all subway transport were suspended and the traffic was paralyzed; The Moscow subway transportation bombing in 2010, which has led 38 deaths and 63 injuries. Security is the most important topics in subway transportation operation. So it is with a great significance that the

study of the establishment of subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system,strengthen the supervision, alarm and emergency response capabilities of subwaytransportation havemade..II.EMERGENCYRISKANALYSISOFTHESUBWAYTRANSPORTATIONThe risk of unexpected events occurred in subway transportation comes from two aspects: On theonehand istheinternal risk,includingtheline,track,turnouts,communications,drainage,escalatorsand other mechanical and electrical equipment failures, and the train derailment, conflict and othermobileequipmentfailure.Ontheotherhandistheexternal risk,including hazardous chemical spillsfires, explosions, poison gas attacks, earthquakes, severe weather, sudden large passenger flow andotherexternalinjuriesTable 1.Emergency risk source list of thesubwaytransportationCategRiskLossLocation ofMajorRiskImpactPossibiSeveRisk SourceDescriptionorylityrityObjectWhole LineTrack FaultSubway1CTransportationFacilitiesWhole LineTrainIICrowd,BConflictSubwayInterTransportatioFacilitiesnalWirelessWhole LineCrowd,IIRiskBCommunicatSubwayion ParalysisTransportationFacilitiesStationElectricalSubwayIDEquipmentTransportatioFailurenFacilitiesMain lineTurnoutsSubway1CandFailureTransportatioAuxiliarynFacilitieslineTrainWhole LineCrowdIIBDerailmentSubwayTransportationFacilities

study of the establishment of subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system, strengthen the supervision, alarm and emergency response capabilities of subway transportation have made. II. EMERGENCYRISKANALYSIS OF THE SUBWAY TRANSPORTATION The risk of unexpected events occurred in subway transportation comes from two aspects: On the one hand is the internal risk, including the line, track, turnouts, communications, drainage, escalators and other mechanical and electrical equipment failures, and the train derailment, conflict and other mobile equipment failure. On the other hand is the external risk, including hazardous chemical spills, fires, explosions, poison gas attacks, earthquakes, severe weather, sudden large passenger flow and other external injuries. Table 1. Emergency risk source list of the subway transportation

Station,LeakageofCrowd.IVAdangerousTrainSubwaychemicalsTransportatio(includingnFaciliticspoison gasEnvironmentattacks)FireStationCrowd,IIAhappened inSubwaythe stationTransportatioequipmentnFacilitiesareaStationStationACrowd.IVplatfomSubwayExterExplosionTransportationalStation HallnRiskExplosionFacilities.EnvironmentStationStationIVCrowd.Aplatfom fireSubwayTransportationFaciliticsTunnclTunnel fireCrowd.IVASubwayTransportationFacilitiesTrainTrainCrowd.IVAExplosionSubwayTransportationFacilitiesWhole LineSevereCrowd,II0WeatherSubwayTransportation FacilitiesRobbery,Station,Crowd.IIAarmedTrainSubwayassault,Transportatiofights andnFacilitiesotherseriouscriminalincidentsAbout the analysis of the possibility of risks for subway transport emergency, based on thehistorical data analysis, considering relevant factors, the possibility of risks has been divided into fivelevels. A-level: basically impossible (occurring no more than 3 times in every 10 years); B-level: lesslikely(less than 3 times each year); C-level:possible(less than 3 times each month); D-level: likely tohappen (no more than 3 times per week); E-level: must have occurred (daily occurrence).The lossseverity is divided into 4 levels: level c: mild; level C: general,; level c: severe; level C: very severeTable 1 shows the detailed data.IIL.THERESEARCHONTHESUBWAYTRANSPORTATION SUPERVISION,ALARMANDEMERGENCYSYSTEMFRAMEWORKAccording to the subway transportation emergency risk analysis results, we have seen that thepossibility of internal risk occurrence is large, but the loss is basically little. We can do the routinemonitoring through the establishment of various types of monitoring systems.The possibility ofexternal risk occurrence is small, once it occurred, the loss would be very seriously. So it is veryimportant to strengthen risk management, improve the emergency plan and do more simulation

About the analysis of the possibility of risks for subway transport emergency, based on the historical data analysis, considering relevant factors, the possibility of risks has been divided into five levels. A-level: basically impossible (occurring no more than 3 times in every 10 years); B-level: less likely(less than 3 times each year); C-level: possible(less than 3 times each month); D-level: likely to happen (no more than 3 times per week); E-level: must have occurred (daily occurrence). The loss severity is divided into 4 levels: level ĉ: mild; level Ċ: general; level ċ: severe; level Č: very severe. Table 1 shows the detailed data. III. THERESEARCH ON THE SUBWAY TRANSPORTATION SUPERVISION, ALARM AND EMERGENCY SYSTEM FRAMEWORK According to the subway transportation emergency risk analysis results, we have seen that the possibility of internal risk occurrence is large, but the loss is basically little. We can do the routine monitoring through the establishment of various types of monitoring systems. The possibility of external risk occurrence is small, once it occurred, the loss would be very seriously. So it is very important to strengthen risk management, improve the emergency plan and do more simulation

exercises, do more scientific and effective response of the emergency,improve the ability and level ofthe accidents disposal.Considering both from the alarm and emergency aspects, the general framework of the subwaytransportation supervision, alarm and emergency system constitute of the device layer, the data layer,theplatform layer,the applicationlayer. Accordance with the emergency incident managementprocess (before-in-after),the system has provided supervision and alarm, emergency duty, resourcemanagement, emergency command, summaryevaluation, simulation exercises and otherfunctions.Asshown in the Fig. 1BusinssapplicationsfthesuwaytransportationupervisionalarmanEmergencysystemApplicatSupervisiononLayeralarmdutApplication Platform of Geographic Information System(GIS)Display Spatial informatioSpatial analysisSpaceanalysiPlatformPolicInformation SharingplatformRegulaOrganizatiionsDataFederationData ReplicaionWeb Service/Middlewareon SystemStandaSecuritydSystemDataand information resourcesSpecifiationEmergency Service DataDeviceand NetworkCommunication Network and Information security safeguardsFigure 1.the general framework ofthe subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency systeA.DevicelayerThedevicelayeris composedofthenetworkinfrastructure,videosystems,severstoragedevicesemergency on site access equipment, telephone, fax and other equipment. The network infrastructurereferstothelocal and wide areanetworkresources ofthesubwaytransportation companies,suchasoffice networks, production networks, etc. It also includes the appropriate network managementsystem; Emergency on site access equipment means thewired, wireless and other different ways ofthe communication access system which solve the problem of the emergency on site communicationaccess.B.Data layerThedata layer is composed of emergency service information and external system informationwhich need to be shared. Emergency service information including emergency organization systemdata, rescue resource data, emergency plan data, geographic information, basic information

exercises, do more scientific and effective response of the emergency, improve the ability and level of the accidents disposal. Considering both from the alarm and emergency aspects, the general framework of the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system constitute of the device layer, the data layer, the platform layer, the application layer. Accordance with the emergency incident management process (before-in-after),the system has provided supervision and alarm, emergency duty, resource management, emergency command, summary evaluation, simulation exercises and other functions. As shown in the Fig. 1 Figure 1. the general framework of the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency syste A. Device layer The device layer is composed of the network infrastructure, video systems, sever storage devices, emergency on site access equipment, telephone, fax and other equipment. The network infrastructure refers to the local and wide area network resources of the subway transportation companies, such as office networks, production networks, etc. It also includes the appropriate network management system; Emergency on site access equipment means the wired, wireless and other different ways of the communication access system which solve the problem of the emergency on site communication access. B. Data layer The data layer is composed of emergency service information and external system information which need to be shared. Emergency service information including emergency organization system data, rescue resource data, emergency plan data, geographic information, basic information

emergency information, cases of emergency rescue, emergency simulation program, decision supportmodel,knowledge base and so on.External system information refers to the alarm information whichcomes from the subway transportation comprehensive monitoring system and the signal system, andsome other relevant information which provided by the provincial/municipal emergency office, fire,hospitals and public security departments.C.PlatformlayerThe platform layer is composed of the information sharing platform and geographic informationsystem (GIS). Information sharing platform will be based on SOA architecture and ESB technology, toachieve the unified sharing and management between the subway transportation supervision, alarmand emergency system and various types of multi-source exotic heterogeneous information fromvarious departments, a number of information systems. Geographic information system (GIS) is usedto implement the unified management of the system's emergency geographic information, and thevisual representation of the system information, emergency resources navigation, spatial analysis anddecision-making.D.ApplicationlayerThe subway transportation's business application involves application implementation in variousbusiness areas, including supervision and alarm, emergency duty, emergency management, emergencycommand, summary evaluation, simulation exercises and other multiple application modules. Toachieve predication and alarm before the emergency events, resources scheduling decision supportduring the incidents, the whole process of information such as evaluation after the incidents.IV.THEMAINFUNCTIONSANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESUBWAYTRANSPORTATION SUPERVISION,ALARMANDEMERGENCY SYSTEMThe disposal process of the emergency incidents in subway transportation can be divided into fivetypical stages, supervision and alarm stage, alarm receiving and continue receiving alarm stage,information acquisition and analysis deduction stage, rescue organizations and decision-making stage,accidents statistical analysis stage. As shown in the Fig. 2

emergency information, cases of emergency rescue, emergency simulation program, decision support model, knowledge base and so on. External system information refers to the alarm information which comes from the subway transportation comprehensive monitoring system and the signal system, and some other relevant information which provided by the provincial/municipal emergency office, fire, hospitals and public security departments. C. Platform layer The platform layer is composed of the information sharing platform and geographic information system (GIS). Information sharing platform will be based on SOA architecture and ESB technology, to achieve the unified sharing and management between the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system and various types of multi-source exotic heterogeneous information from various departments, a number of information systems. Geographic information system (GIS) is used to implement the unified management of the system’s emergency geographic information, and the visual representation of the system information, emergency resources navigation, spatial analysis and decision-making. D. Application layer The subway transportation’s business application involves application implementation in various business areas, including supervision and alarm, emergency duty, emergency management, emergency command, summary evaluation, simulation exercises and other multiple application modules. To achieve predication and alarm before the emergency events, resources scheduling decision support during the incidents, the whole process of information such as evaluation after the incidents. IV. THE MAIN FUNCTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUBWAY TRANSPORTATION SUPERVISION, ALARM AND EMERGENCY SYSTEM The disposal process of the emergency incidents in subway transportation can be divided into five typical stages, supervision and alarm stage, alarm receiving and continue receiving alarm stage, information acquisition and analysis deduction stage, rescue organizations and decision-making stage, accidents statistical analysis stage. As shown in the Fig. 2

Repor statistical analysiInformationacquisiticnRescue organizatonsanalysis deductiondecision-makinpacestatisticalanalysisforsation Transfer, hierachy identBergencComprehemonitoringacisionEmergencyACCOFWIncidentsinformationtheanalsisupportIncidentWeatherstatisticsand planWmInformationSupervisioninformationanalysis(forguide the3sharingAlarmBusinesstemmanagement)therescueemergencyarnologinformation1rescueSocialRecord theemengencyncident handlingfAlarmthemeroenSubwayprocssand themergercVisual display ofincidentssvstesubwaystation'sresults storageinformatonstation lincpassengersinto databaseinquiriesand otherevacuationEmergency conFuzzyquery ofmay affectprogramIncidents spaceequipmeareadabassthe planExpertstatisticalSpace analysisSocialJnexpectowledeeanalysis(forIssuedDeductionedmergenresponspublic福Publicwarning)assessmentsouncebasOn sitcesystemnformaticLevelidentifiedeventsmulimedieomFigure 2.Disposal flow chart of the subway transportation emergency incidentsAccording to the disposal features of the various stages, the function of the subway transportationsupervision, alarm and emergency system can be divided into four stages based on temporal logic forthe disposal of the emergency incidents, daily emergency duty stage, emergency management stage.emergency response stage and after the emergency stage, as shown in the Fig.3.The implementationinterfaceof thesystem is shown intheFig.4.Supervision and alarm: According to the distribution and operation information of major risksources,key infrastructure and important protection goals of the subway transportation,access thealarm information from the subway transportation integrated supervision system, analysis thepotential risks, to achieve supervision and alarm in case of emergency. Submission of emergencyinformation:to achievetheprocess of the alarm information,feedback and integration situationmanagement. Timely notification about the situation of emergency incidents, complete theannouncementof theemergencyincidents andotherfunctions.Emergency duty and integrated service management:information of the emergency dutymanagement, achieve database management of automatic scheduling, duty case records, shift changeinformation. Emergency plan management: achieve structured management and quick query for theemergency plan of the subway transportation incidents. Achieve storage and management for theprogram of emergency drills

Figure 2. Disposal flow chart of the subway transportation emergency incidents According to the disposal features of the various stages, the function of the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system can be divided into four stages based on temporal logic for the disposal of the emergency incidents, daily emergency duty stage, emergency management stage, emergency response stage and after the emergency stage, as shown in the Fig. 3. The implementation interface of the system is shown in the Fig. 4. Supervision and alarm: According to the distribution and operation information of major risk sources, key infrastructure and important protection goals of the subway transportation, access the alarm information from the subway transportation integrated supervision system, analysis the potential risks, to achieve supervision and alarm in case of emergency. Submission of emergency information: to achieve the process of the alarm information, feedback and integration situation management. Timely notification about the situation of emergency incidents, complete the announcement of the emergency incidents and other functions. Emergency duty and integrated service management: information of the emergency duty management, achieve database management of automatic scheduling, duty case records, shift change information. Emergency plan management: achieve structured management and quick query for the emergency plan of the subway transportation incidents. Achieve storage and management for the program of emergency drills

EmergencyEmergencyStatisticalEmergencyCommandDutyManagementAnalysisEmergencyDutyStatisticalanalysis ofEmergencyplanDecisionmanagementSpacedispatchmanagementsupportcommandEmergencyDocumentHistory databaseorganizationmanagementsystemmanagementProcessIncidentlanagementIntegratedrecordpublishedEmergencyplanEmergencyservicerescuedatabase updatemanagementresourcesmanagemenInformationSupervisionAnalysisOnlineSimulationsubmittedAlarmjudgementconsultationexercisesFigure 3.Function of the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency systemManagement of the emergency organization system: do dynamic management to all levels ofemergency management and emergency rescue agencies and personnel situation of the subwaytransportation. Establish the connection with local governments and relevant departments.Managementoftheemergencyrescueresources:dodynamic managementtotherescueteam,rescueequipment, emergency material storage, local health agencies, professional emergency rescue teamandspecial rescueequipment.Emergency Command: located the incident on the electronic map, provided the spatialdistribution of the plan, video image information, signal equipment, line equipment and other rescueequipment of the station near the incident, display local rescue resources information, analysis theshortest rescue path, provide intuitive decision support information for the command person. Onlineconsultation:to achieve real-time anddynamic collection processingand delivery of the multimediainformation, such as the dynamic image, voice in the emergency on site, facilitate the emergencycommand agencies to understand the real-time status on the site, dynamic adjustment the rescue plan.During the emergency response and emergency disposal stage, we can have the online consultationthrough the video conference system at any time, in order to coordinate relevant departments to jointlycarry out the emergency disposal.Analysis and judgment:analysis relevant information through summary,with the incidentprogress, makes analysis and judgment about the potential consequences of the incidents. Through theestablishment of a varietyof emergency incidents rescue information database and knowledgedatabase, according to the nature, category and the scope of the incident, combined with emergencyplan and experts knowledge, do the automatic reasoning, provide the rescue plan proposal for therescue people, and issued the disposal program to the subordinate commands or executivedepartments.Statistical analysis:through the playback and reproduction of the real historical incidentscomprehensive analysis the causes of the incident, whether the rescuesplan is reasonable and thecoordination situation of relevantdepartmentsduringtherescuestage,inordertoimproveandperfect

Figure 3. Function of the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system Management of the emergency organization system: do dynamic management to all levels of emergency management and emergency rescue agencies and personnel situation of the subway transportation. Establish the connection with local governments and relevant departments. Management of the emergency rescue resources: do dynamic management to the rescue team, rescue equipment, emergency material storage, local health agencies, professional emergency rescue team and special rescue equipment. Emergency Command: located the incident on the electronic map, provided the spatial distribution of the plan, video image information, signal equipment, line equipment and other rescue equipment of the station near the incident, display local rescue resources information, analysis the shortest rescue path, provide intuitive decision support information for the command person. Online consultation: to achieve real-time and dynamic collection processing and delivery of the multimedia information, such as the dynamic image, voice in the emergency on site, facilitate the emergency command agencies to understand the real-time status on the site, dynamic adjustment the rescue plan. During the emergency response and emergency disposal stage, we can have the online consultation through the video conference system at any time, in order to coordinate relevant departments to jointly carry out the emergency disposal. Analysis and judgment: analysis relevant information through summary, with the incident progress, makes analysis and judgment about the potential consequences of the incidents. Through the establishment of a variety of emergency incidents rescue information database and knowledge database, according to the nature, category and the scope of the incident, combined with emergency plan and experts knowledge, do the automatic reasoning, provide the rescue plan proposal for the rescue people, and issued the disposal program to the subordinate commands or executive departments. Statistical analysis: through the playback and reproduction of the real historical incidents, comprehensive analysis the causes of the incident, whether the rescues plan is reasonable and the coordination situation of relevant departments during the rescue stage, in order to improve and perfect

theemergencyplan.Historydatabasemanagement: save thedisposal processdata foreach emergencyincident,on the onehand, achieve thefunction of automatic classification summary and intelligentretrieval analysis, on the other hand is for summary analysis, implement the playback andreproductionofthehistorical incidents.Simulation exercises: by simulate the operation of the emergency system and emergency platformaftertheoccurrenceoftheincidents,andplaybackandreproductionofthehistoricalincidents,checktheemergencyplan's scientificandfeasibility,diagnosisthedefects oftheemergency,improvetheresponse ability,rescue ability and cooperative engagement ability of the emergencyrescue system.小Figure 4. The Interface of the Subway Transportation Supervision, alarm and emergency systemV.CONCLUSIONWith the increase of subway mileage in big city in China, the internal and external risks faced bysubway transportation have increased prominently. We should do two aspects to improve the securityofthesubwaytransportation.Ontheonehanddependsontheestablishmentofacomprehensiveintegrated supervision system, do well of the daily risk supervision. On the other hand, the risk sourceidentification should be carried out, develop practical various types of subway transportationemergency plan, carry out simulation exercises regularly, and make it effective. The technical systemwhichtoensurethe smooth operations ofthetwoaspects is the subwaytransportation supervision.alarm and emergency system. Through the construction of the system, achieve daily emergency dutysupervision and alarm,resourcemanagement,emergency command duringtheincident,summaryassessment after the incident, simulation exercises, then can fully improve the safety level of thesubwaytransportation

the emergency plan. History database management: save the disposal process data for each emergency incident, on the one hand, achieve the function of automatic classification summary and intelligent retrieval analysis, on the other hand is for summary analysis, implement the playback and reproduction of the historical incidents. Simulation exercises: by simulate the operation of the emergency system and emergency platform after the occurrence of the incidents, and playback and reproduction of the historical incidents, check the emergency plan’s scientific and feasibility, diagnosis the defects of the emergency, improve the response ability, rescue ability and cooperative engagement ability of the emergency rescue system. Figure 4. The Interface of the Subway Transportation Supervision, alarm and emergency system V. CONCLUSION With the increase of subway mileage in big city in China, the internal and external risks faced by subway transportation have increased prominently. We should do two aspects to improve the security of the subway transportation. On the one hand depends on the establishment of a comprehensive integrated supervision system, do well of the daily risk supervision. On the other hand, the risk source identification should be carried out, develop practical various types of subway transportation emergency plan, carry out simulation exercises regularly, and make it effective. The technical system which to ensure the smooth operations of the two aspects is the subway transportation supervision, alarm and emergency system. Through the construction of the system, achieve daily emergency duty, supervision and alarm, resource management, emergency command during the incident, summary assessment after the incident, simulation exercises, then can fully improve the safety level of the subway transportation