华东理工大学：《物理化学》课程教学课件（讲稿，英文版）02 Chapter 2 The First Law the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 1 Part 1: Equilibrium Bilingual Program 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 1 Part 1: Equilibrium Bilingual Program 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 This chapter introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics. It concentrates on the conservation of energy. The target concept of the chapter is enthalpy, which is a very useful book￾keeping property for keeping track of the heat output of physical processes and chemical reactions at constant pressure. 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 This chapter introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics. It concentrates on the conservation of energy. The target concept of the chapter is enthalpy, which is a very useful book￾keeping property for keeping track of the heat output of physical processes and chemical reactions at constant pressure. 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 3 The basic concepts 2.1 Work, heat, and energy 2.2 The First Law Work and heat 2.3 Expansion work 2.4 Heat transactions 2.5 Enthalpy 2.6 Adiabatic changes Thermochemistry 2.7 Standard enthalpy changes 2.8 Standard enthalpies of formation 2.9 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 3 The basic concepts 2.1 Work, heat, and energy 2.2 The First Law Work and heat 2.3 Expansion work 2.4 Heat transactions 2.5 Enthalpy 2.6 Adiabatic changes Thermochemistry 2.7 Standard enthalpy changes 2.8 Standard enthalpies of formation 2.9 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies 2. The First Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 (a). Open system can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. (b). Closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings, but it cannot exchange matter. (c). An isolated system can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy *

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 (a). Open system can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. (b). Closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings, but it cannot exchange matter. (c). An isolated system can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy *

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 5 (a). A diathermic system is one that allows energy to escape as heat through its boundary if there is a difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings. (b). An adiabatic system is one that does not permit the passage of energy as heat through its boundary even if there is a temperature d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e system and its surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 5 (a). A diathermic system is one that allows energy to escape as heat through its boundary if there is a difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings. (b). An adiabatic system is one that does not permit the passage of energy as heat through its boundary even if there is a temperature d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e system and its surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 6 Exothermic process: one that releases energy as heat. Endothermic process: one that absorbs energy as heat. (a) When an endothermic process occurs in an adiabatic system, the temperature falls;(b) if the process is exothermic, then the temperature rises. (c) When an endo-thermic process occurs in a diathermic container, energy enters as heat from the surroundings, and the system remains at the same temperature;(d) if the process is exothermic, t h e n e n e r g y l e a v e s a s h e a t , and the process is isothermal. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 6 Exothermic process: one that releases energy as heat. Endothermic process: one that absorbs energy as heat. (a) When an endothermic process occurs in an adiabatic system, the temperature falls;(b) if the process is exothermic, then the temperature rises. (c) When an endo-thermic process occurs in a diathermic container, energy enters as heat from the surroundings, and the system remains at the same temperature;(d) if the process is exothermic, t h e n e n e r g y l e a v e s a s h e a t , and the process is isothermal. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 7 Heat-molecular interpretation Heat is the transfer of energy that makes use of chaotic molecular motion. The chaotic motion of molecules is called thermal motion. W h e n a s y s t e m h e a t s i t s surroundings, molecules of the system stimulate the thermal m o t i o n o f t h e m o l e c u l e s in the surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 7 Heat-molecular interpretation Heat is the transfer of energy that makes use of chaotic molecular motion. The chaotic motion of molecules is called thermal motion. W h e n a s y s t e m h e a t s i t s surroundings, molecules of the system stimulate the thermal m o t i o n o f t h e m o l e c u l e s in the surroundings. 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 8 Work-molecular interpretation Work is the transfer of energy that makes use of organized motion. When a system does work, it stimulates orderly motion in the surroundings 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 8 Work-molecular interpretation Work is the transfer of energy that makes use of organized motion. When a system does work, it stimulates orderly motion in the surroundings 2.1 Work, heat, and energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 9 The basic concepts 2.1 Work, heat, and energy 2.2 The First Law 1). The internal energy 2). The conservation of energy 3). The formal statement of the First Law

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 9 The basic concepts 2.1 Work, heat, and energy 2.2 The First Law 1). The internal energy 2). The conservation of energy 3). The formal statement of the First Law

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 10 The internal energy, U : the total energy of a system is called its internal energy;it is the total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules composing the system. The internal energy is a state function. It is a extensive property. Internal energy, heat, and work are measured in the same units, the Joule (J). 2.2 The First Law 1). The internal energy

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 10 The internal energy, U : the total energy of a system is called its internal energy;it is the total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules composing the system. The internal energy is a state function. It is a extensive property. Internal energy, heat, and work are measured in the same units, the Joule (J). 2.2 The First Law 1). The internal energy