华东理工大学：《物理化学》课程教学课件（讲稿，英文版）04 br Chapter 4 The Second Law the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 1 Physical Chemistry Peter Atkins Peter Atkins (Sixth edition) (Sixth edition) Bilingual Program

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 1 Physical Chemistry Peter Atkins Peter Atkins (Sixth edition) (Sixth edition) Bilingual Program

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 Part 1: Equilibrium Bilingual Program 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 Part 1: Equilibrium Bilingual Program 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 3 This chapter will explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change. Two simple processes are examined. It shows that a property, the entropy can be defined, measured, and used to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively. This chapter also introduces a major subsidiary thermodynamic property, the Gibbs energy. 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 3 This chapter will explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change. Two simple processes are examined. It shows that a property, the entropy can be defined, measured, and used to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively. This chapter also introduces a major subsidiary thermodynamic property, the Gibbs energy. 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third Law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third Law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 4. The Second Law: the concepts

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 5 The direction of spontaneous change Some things happen naturally. A gas expands to fill the available volume, a hot body cools to the temperature of its surroundings, and a chemical reaction runs in one direction rather than another. But some things don't. We can confine a gas to a smaller volume, we can cool an object with a refrigerator, and we can force some reactions to go in reverse. However, none of these processes happens spontaneously

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 5 The direction of spontaneous change Some things happen naturally. A gas expands to fill the available volume, a hot body cools to the temperature of its surroundings, and a chemical reaction runs in one direction rather than another. But some things don't. We can confine a gas to a smaller volume, we can cool an object with a refrigerator, and we can force some reactions to go in reverse. However, none of these processes happens spontaneously

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 6 The direction of spontaneous change The characteristic of these two processes, spontaneous and non-spontaneous is summarized by the Second Law of thermodynamics

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 6 The direction of spontaneous change The characteristic of these two processes, spontaneous and non-spontaneous is summarized by the Second Law of thermodynamics

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 7 Sketch for the distribution of energy 4.1 The dispersal of energy The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 7 Sketch for the distribution of energy 4.1 The dispersal of energy The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 8 Sketch for the distribution of energy 4.1 The dispersal of energy The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form. The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 8 Sketch for the distribution of energy 4.1 The dispersal of energy The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form. The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 9 (a) A ball resting on a warm surface; the atoms are under￾going thermal motion; (b) For the ball to fly upwards, some of the random vibra-tional motion would have to change i n t o c o o r d i n a t e d , directed motion. 4.1 The dispersal of energy Sketch for the distribution of energy (a) (b) The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 9 (a) A ball resting on a warm surface; the atoms are under￾going thermal motion; (b) For the ball to fly upwards, some of the random vibra-tional motion would have to change i n t o c o o r d i n a t e d , directed motion. 4.1 The dispersal of energy Sketch for the distribution of energy (a) (b) The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 10 The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form. The direction of spontaneous change

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 10 The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form. The direction of spontaneous change