电子科技大学：《物理与化学电源基础 Fundamental of Physical and Chemical Power Sources》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，第一部分）Section II Nuclear energy（Fundamentals of Fusion Enery）

Physical power sources Section II Fundamentals of Fusion Enery

Section II Fundamentals of Fusion Enery Physical power sources

Fusion Enery How is such powerful energy in the sun achieved? How much energy does the sun radiate per second? 3.8×1026J How many kilos does the sun The sun lose per second? Solar central temperature:106 K(core 4×109kg temperature up to 15 million degrees) Very high pressure:300 billion atmospheres ●A lot of particles Considerable time span The reaction cross section is large enough

Fusion Enery How is such powerful energy in the sun achieved?  Solar central temperature: 106 K (core temperature up to 15 million degrees)  Very high pressure: 300 billion atmospheres  A lot of particles  Considerable time span  The reaction cross section is large enough The sun How much energy does the sun radiate per second? 3.8× 1026 J How many kilos does the sun lose per second? 4×109 kg

Fusion Enery Main nuclear reactions in the sun p+p=D+(e+)+y 0.42 MeV (p质子，D氘，e+正电子，y中微子；反应寿命7*109年)； D+p=3He +r 5.5 MeV (3He氦3，r光子，反应寿命4秒) 3He+3He =4He +2p 12.86 MeV (4*105年)。 4p=4He+2(et)+2y+24.7MeV

Fusion Enery p+p=D+(e+ )+ 0.42 MeV (p质子,D氘,e+正电子, 中微子;反应寿命7*109年); D+p= 3He +r 5.5 MeV ( 3He -氦3, r光子,反应寿命4秒); 3He+ 3He = 4He +2p 12.86 MeV (4*105年)。 4p= 4He +2(e+ )+2  +24.7MeV Main nuclear reactions in the sun

Fusion Enery D+D-T(1.01 MeV)+P(3.03 MeV) D+D-He3(0.82 MeV)+n(2.45 MeV) D+T-He4(3.52 MeV)+n(14.06 MeV) 氢原子核的两个同位素 具有两个质子 的氨原子核 自由中子 108 K,300 billion atmospheres There are several main types of controllable fusion: Ultrasonic fusion Laser confinement(inertial confinement)fusion Magnetic confinement fusion

Fusion Enery D+D→T(1.01 MeV)+P(3.03 MeV) D+D→He3(0.82 MeV)+n(2.45 MeV) D+T→He4(3.52 MeV)+n(14.06 MeV) There are several main types of controllable fusion: Ultrasonic fusion Laser confinement (inertial confinement) fusion Magnetic confinement fusion 108 K, 300 billion atmospheres

Fusion Enery Two Different Ways to Fusion Lawson Criterion:nx≥3.9xl0'(s/mm),T约为l0K。 must be achieved Temperature must be around T=6...15 eV Two ways to fulfil Lawson criterion: (1)First solution (magnetically confined plasmas):increase confinement time (1014~1016/cm3,0.01~1s) (2)Other solution (inertial confinement fusion -ICF): increase density of fusion plasma(1023/cm3,ns)

Fusion Enery • Lawson Criterion: must be achieved • Temperature must be around T = 6 ... 15 eV • Two ways to fulfil Lawson criterion: (1) First solution (magnetically confined plasmas): increase confinement time (1014～1016/cm3 , 0.01～1s) (2) Other solution (inertial confinement fusion - ICF): increase density of fusion plasma (1023/cm3 , ns) Two Different Ways to Fusion 要实现受控核聚变，必须满足两个基本条件，一是必须将燃料加热到很高的热核反应 温度；二是，必须在足够时间长时间内将高温高密度等离子体约束在一起。Lawson 判据限 定了实现核聚变的具体条件，即受约束的等离子体必须达到一定的密度 n 、温度 T 及约束 时间 。对氘氚反应， 3.9 10 ( / ) 11 3 n   s mm ，T 约为 K 8 10

Fusion Enery Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept Radiation ◆Blowoff Inward transported thermal energy Laser beams or Fuel is compressed During the final Thermonuclear laser-produced by the rocketlike part of the capsule burn spreads x rays rapidly heat blowoff of the hot implosion,the fuel rapidly through the surface of the surface material. core reaches the compressed fusion target, 20 times the fuel,yielding forming a density of lead many times the surrounding and ignites at input energy. plasma envelope. 100,000.000°C. Create high pressure high temperature ignition plasma

Fusion Enery Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept Create plasma high pressure high temperature ignition

Fusion Enery Compare Driver to Target Sizes! D+D D+T real NIF target DT capsule Schematic

Fusion Enery real NIF target Schematic DT capsule Compare Driver to Target Sizes! D+D D+T

Fusion Enery At the beginning of laser fusion research in China in the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen pointed out:Your business is an artificial A little sun!

Fusion Enery At the beginning of laser fusion research in China in the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen pointed out : Your business is an artificial A little sun!

Fusion Enery--frontiers 8 1 1 SG-III B01-2 small B-dot 5 72 2 SG-III B01-1 subminiature B-dot 3 SG-III B02-1 small barrel 4 SG-III D01-2 medium barrel 5 SG-III B01-3 medium B-dot 6 SG-III D01-1 small discone 7 SG-III D02-1 small planar 8 SG-III D02-3 large planar

Fusion Enery--frontiers

Fusion Enery--frontiers Hot electrons can be generated in the laser focal spot and escape from the surface,which may carry i important information to understand some specific physical processes regarding laser and target interactions in ICF. e>eΦ Target ax electrostatic spot radius Φ→0 OA aA R,electron cloud radius 8t 000 E Rfocal spot radius Φ=const E i-×=-器 E Target surface

Fusion Enery--frontiers Hot electrons can be generated in the laser focal spot and escape from the surface, which may carry important information to understand some specific physical processes regarding laser and target interactions in ICF