复旦大学：《心灵哲学 Philosophy of Mind》课程教学资源（PPT课件，英文版）第2讲 行为主义 Behaviorism

LECTURE TW第二讲 x The First School in the Materialist Family x BEHAVIORISM x行为主义

LECTURE TWO 第二讲  The First School in the Materialist Family：  BEHAVIORISM 行为主义

WHAT IS BEHAVIORISM mEthodological"behaviorism: Psychology is the science of behavior Psychology is not the science of mind x"Psychological" behaviorism: Behavior can be described and explained without making ultimate reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behavior are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind, in the head) x"Analytical" behaviorism: In the course of theory development in psychology, if, somehow, mental terms or concepts are deployed in describing or explaining behavior, then either(a) these terms or concepts should be eliminated and replaced by behavioral terms or(b) they can and should be translated or paraphrased into behavioral concepts

WHAT IS BEHAVIORISM?  “Methodological” behaviorism: Psychology is the science of behavior. Psychology is not the science of mind.  “Psychological” behaviorism: Behavior can be described and explained without making ultimate reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behavior are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind, in the head).  “Analytical” behaviorism: In the course of theory development in psychology, if, somehow, mental terms or concepts are deployed in describing or explaining behavior, then either (a) these terms or concepts should be eliminated and replaced by behavioral terms or (b) they can and should be translated or paraphrased into behavioral concepts

METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x Methodological behaviorism is a normative theory about the scientific conduct of psychology x What should psychology like to be? x It claims that psychology should concern itself with the behavior of organisms(human and nonhuman animals). Psychology should not concern itself with mental states or events or with constructing internal information processing accounts of behavior. According to methodological behaviorism, reference to mental states, such as an animal's beliefs or desires, adds nothing to what psychology can and should understand about the sources of behavior. Mental states are private entities which, given the necessary publicity of science, do not form proper objects of empirical study. Methodological behaviorism is a dominant theme in the writings of John Watson (1878-1958)

METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  Methodological behaviorism is a normative theory about the scientific conduct of psychology.  What should psychology like to be?  It claims that psychology should concern itself with the behavior of organisms (human and nonhuman animals). Psychology should not concern itself with mental states or events or with constructing internal information processing accounts of behavior. According to methodological behaviorism, reference to mental states, such as an animal's beliefs or desires, adds nothing to what psychology can and should understand about the sources of behavior. Mental states are private entities which, given the necessary publicity of science, do not form proper objects of empirical study. Methodological behaviorism is a dominant theme in the writings of John Watson (1878–1958)

THE HERO FOR METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x John broadus watson(约翰 华生, January9,1878 September 25, 1958)was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promote d a change In psychology through his address, Psychology as the Behaviorist views it. which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child learning nd advertisin g

THE HERO FOR METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  John Broadus Watson (约翰• 华生，Janua r y 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson p r o m o t e d a c h a n g e i n p s yc hol o g y t h r o u g h hi s address, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which w a s gi ve n at C ol umbi a University in 1913. Through his beha vio rist app roach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child learning, a n d a d v e r t i s i n g .

PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x Psychological behaviorism is a research program within psychology x How can psychology be done? x It purports to explain human and animal behavior in terms of external physical stimuli, responses, learning histories, and (for certain types of behavior) reinforcements x Key Words:物理刺激,反应,学习历史,特定的行为强化 x Psychological behaviorism is present in the work of Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936), Edward Thorndike(1874-1949),as well as Watson. Its fullest and most influential expression is B. F Skinner's work on schedules of reinforcement

PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  Psychological behaviorism is a research program within psychology.  How can psychology be done?  It purports to explain human and animal behavior in terms of external physical stimuli, responses, learning histories, and (for certain types of behavior) reinforcements.  Key Words:物理刺激， 反应， 学习历史， 特定的行为强化  Psychological behaviorism is present in the work of Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Edward Thorndike (1874–1949), as well as Watson. Its fullest and most influential expression is B. F. Skinner's work on schedules of reinforcement

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x伊万彼得罗维奇巴甫洛夫 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Rus MBaH nerpoBwy aBAOB: September September 141 1849 February 1936) was a famous Russian psychologist and physiologist. Inspired when the progressive ideas which D Pisarev. the most eminent of the russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M Sechen v. the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course natural science lll Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences; making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  伊万·彼得罗维奇·巴甫洛夫  Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; September 26 [O.S. September 14] 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a famous Russian psychologist and physiologist. Inspired when the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science. [1] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences; making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x爱德华李桑代克 x Edward Lee Ted Thorndike(August 31, 1874-August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. His work on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and hel ped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology. He also worked on solving industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation, and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 19121

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  爱德华·李·桑代克  Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. His work on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology. He also worked on solving industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation, and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1912. [

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM x Burrhus Frederic Skinner (斯金纳, March20 1904- August18,1990) was an American behaviorist author Inventor social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974

THE HEROES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM  Burrhus Frederic Skinner ( 斯金纳 ， March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974

ANALYTICAL OR LOGICAL BEHAVIORISM WHAT DOES MENTALITY MEAN? x Analytical or logical behaviorism is a theory within philosophy about the meaning or semantics(语义学) of mental terms or concepts. It says that the very idea of a mental state or condition is the idea of a behavioral disposition or family of behavioral tendencies, evident in how a person behaves in one situation rather than another when we attribute a belief. for example, to someone, we are not saying that he or she is in a particular internal state or condition. Instead, we are characterizing the person in terms of what he or she might do in particular situations or environmental interactions. Analytical behaviorism may be found in the work of gilbert Ryle(1900 76) and the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-51)(if perhaps not without controversy in interpretation, in Wittgenstein's case)

ANALYTICAL OR LOGICAL BEHAVIORISM WHAT DOES MENTALITY MEAN?  Analytical or logical behaviorism is a theory within philosophy about the meaning or semantics (语义学) of mental terms or concepts. It says that the very idea of a mental state or condition is the idea of a behavioral disposition or family of behavioral tendencies, evident in how a person behaves in one situation rather than another. When we attribute a belief, for example, to someone, we are not saying that he or she is in a particular internal state or condition. Instead, we are characterizing the person in terms of what he or she might do in particular situations or environmental interactions. Analytical behaviorism may be found in the work of Gilbert Ryle (1900– 76) and the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–51) (if perhaps not without controversy in interpretation, in Wittgenstein's case)

GILBERT RYLE吉尔伯特赖尔 x Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 Brighton 6 October 1976 Oxford), was a British philosopher, a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach philosophical problems, 1 and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism. for which he coined the phrase " the ghost in the machine some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as behaviourist Ryles best known book is The Concept of Mind(1949), in which he writes that the general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as behaviourist

GILBERT RYLE 吉尔伯特-赖尔  Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford), was a British philosopher, a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems,[1] and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". Some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as "behaviourist." Ryle's best known book is The Concept of Mind (1949), in which he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist