复旦大学：《心灵哲学 Philosophy of Mind》课程教学资源（PPT课件，英文版）第3讲 心脑同一论 The Mind - Brain Identity Theory

LECTURE THREE THE MIND/BRAIN IRENTITYTHEORY 心脑同一论 (ANOTHER SPECIES INTHE MATERIALISTFAMILY)

THE MIND/BRAIN IDENTITY THEORY 心脑同一论 (ANOTHER SPECIES IN THE MATERIALIST FAMILY) LECTURE THREE

HOW TQ UPDATE BEHAVIORISM, WHICH SHQULD BE UPDATER SOMEHOW? x We need to look into the brain! neuroscience should help Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging(NMR,核磁共振 成像) is a medical imaging technique(医学成像技术) used in radiology(放射学) to visualize detailed internal structures

HOW TO UPDATE BEHAVIORISM, WHICH SHOULD BE UPDATED SOMEHOW?  We need to look into the brain! Neuroscience should help!  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging(NMRI,核磁共振 成像) is a medical imaging technique（医学成像技术） used in radiology (放射学)to visualize detailed internal structures

HOW RO WE KNOW THAT MASAYUKI SAEKI IS REALLY A VICTIM OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE? x His behaviors cannot be viewed as the most important evidence for making such a judgment x Alzheimer's disease is characterised loss of neurons(神经元) and synapses(突触) in the cerebral cortex(脑皮层) and certain subcortical regions(皮层下区域). This loss results in gross atrophy(萎缩) of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe(颞叶)and parietal lobe(顶骨叶), and parts of the frontal cortex(额叶) and cingulate gyrus(扣带回)

HOW DO WE KNOW THAT MASAYUKI SAEKI IS REALLY A VICTIM OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?  His behaviors cannot be viewed as the most important evidence for making such a judgment!  Alzheimer‘s disease is characterised by loss of neurons(神经元) and synapses（突触） in the cerebral cortex （脑皮层）and certain subcortical regions（皮层下区域）. This loss results in gross atrophy （萎缩）of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe （颞叶）and parietal lobe （顶骨叶）, and parts of the frontal cortex (额叶) and cingulate gyrus (扣带回)

COMPARISON OF A NORMAL AGED BRAIN (LEFT) AND THE BRAIN OF A PERSON WITH ALZHEIMERS (RIGH Extreme Shrinkage of Cerebral Cort entricles Hippocampus Entorh inal NOW WE NEED TO WATCH THE MOVIE AGAIN

COMPARISON OF A NORMAL AGED BRAIN (LEFT) AND THE BRAIN OF A PERSON WITH ALZHEIMER'S (RIGHT). NOW WE NEED TO WATCH THE MOVIE AGAIN！

THE CORE IREA QF THE INRETTY THEORY x The identity theory of mind holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain x In taking the identity theory (in its various forms) as a species of physicalism(物理主义),We should say that this is an ontological, not a translational| physicalism.(是本体论的物理主 义,而非翻译性质的物理主义)

THE CORE IDEA OF THE INDETITY THEORY  The identity theory of mind holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain.  In taking the identity theory (in its various forms) as a species of physicalism(物理主义), we should say that this is an ontological, not a translational physicalism. （是本体论的物理主 义，而非翻译性质的物理主义）

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT OF THIS POSITION x Julien Offray de La Mettrie(拉美特 x November 23, 1709 111 November 11, 1751)was a French physician and philos opher, and one of the earliest of the french materialists of the Enlightenment. He is best known for his work L'homme machine("Machine man" 2), wherein he rejected the cartesian dualism of mind and body, and proposed he metaph or of th he human being as machine

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT OF THIS POSITION  Julien Offray de La Mettrie (拉·美特利  November 23, 1709 [1] – November 11, 1751) was a French physician and philos opher, and one of the earliest of the French materialists of the Enlightenment. He is best known for his work L'homme machine ("Machine man"[2]), wherein he rejected the Cartesian dualism of mind and body, and proposed the metaphor of the human being as machine

MOST FAMOUS IRENTITY THEORIST IN OUR TIME x John Jamieson Carswell Jack"Smart AC(born 16 September 1920)is an Australian philosopher and academic who is currently Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Monash University, Australia. He works in the fields ofmetaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion and political philosophy x/ Ullin Place(1924-2000)was a British philosopher and psychologist. Along with JJ C. Smart, he developed the identity theory of mind x Herbert Feigl (December 14, 1902- June 1, 1988) was an Austrian philosopher and a member of the vienna Circle

MOST FAMOUS IDENTITY THEORIST IN OUR TIME  John Jamieson Carswell "Jack" Smart AC (born 16 September 1920) is an Australian philosopher and academic who is currently Emeritus Professor ofPhilosophy at Monash University, Australia. He works in the fields ofmetaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy.  Ullin Place (1924–2000) was a British philosopher and psychologist. Along with J. J. C. Smart, he developed the identity theory of mind.  Herbert Feigl (December 14, 1902 – June 1, 1988) was an Austrian philosopher and a member of the Vienna Circle

WHAT PROF PLACE SAIR IS x The logical objections which might be raised to the statement 'consciousness is a process in the brain are no greater than the logical objections which might be raised to the statement ' lightning is a motion of electric charges x Or in other words, the identity relationship between consciousness and the brain is parallel to the relationship between lightning and the motion of electric charges!

WHAT PROF. PLACE SAID IS:  The logical objections which might be raised to the statement ‘consciousness is a process in the brain’ are no greater than the logical objections which might be raised to the statement ‘lightning is a motion of electric charges’.  Or in other words, the identity relationship between consciousness and the brain is parallel to the relationship between lightning and the motion of electric charges!

SOME PHILOSOPHICAL CLARIFICATION: x The identity relationship between mental events and brain events should be represented as a posteriori necessary truth! 心灵事件以及脑事件之间的关系,必 被表达为后天必然真理!!

SOME PHILOSOPHICAL CLARIFICATION: The identity relationship between mental events and brain events should be represented as a posteriori necessary truth! 心灵事件以及脑事件之间的关系，必 须被表达为后天必然真理！！

A PRIORI VS, POSTERIOR x先天VS.后天 x This is an epistemological distinction 这是一个认识论的区分 s This pair is concerned with how do you know something empirical inquiries, you know it as an a prior'22 s If you know something without appealing to a truth. Conversely, you know it as a posterior truth

A PRIORI VS. POSTERIOR  先天 VS. 后天  This is an epistemological distinction  这是一个认识论的区分  This pair is concerned with how do you know something.  If you know something without appealing to any empirical inquiries, you know it as an a priori truth. Conversely, you know it as a posterior truth