中国农业大学：《有机化学》课程教学课件（PPT讲稿）第二章 烷烃 Alkanes

Chapter 2Alkanes

Chapter 2 Alkanes

Saturated (alkanes)Open chainAlkenes(aliphatic)unsaturatedConjugated dieneshydrocarbonsAliphatic cyclicAlkynesyclicAromatic

Open chain (aliphatic) Saturated (alkanes) unsaturated Alkenes Conjugated dienes Alkynes Cyclic Aliphatic cyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons{ { { {

1 Homologous Series and Isomerism ofAlkanes1.1Homologous Series同系列：具有同一分子通式和相同结构特征的一系列化合物。同系列中各化合物互为同系物系差：相邻两个同系物的组成差（如CH2)C,H2n+2eg. CH4, C,He, C,H, C,Hio

1 Homologous Series and Isomerism of Alkanes 1.1 Homologous Series 同系列: 具有同一分子通式和相同结构特征的一系列 化合物。同系列中各化合物互为同系物 系 差: 相邻两个同系物的组成差(如CH2) eg. CH4 , C2H6 , C3H8 , C4H10 ., CnH2n+2

1.2 IsomerismC.HioCH3CHCH3CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3Butane(b.p.-0.5℃)Isobutane (b.p.-10.2℃)Structural Isomers

1.2 Isomerism C4H10 Butane(b.p.-0.5℃) Isobutane (b.p.-10.2℃) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CHCH3 CH3 Structural Isomers

CsH12CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3Pentane(b.p.36)CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3Neopentane(b.p.9.5C)Isopentane(b.p.28C)

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 C5 H12 CH3 CHCH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CCH3 CH3 CH3 Pentane(b.p.36℃) Isopentane(b.p.28℃) Neopentane(b.p.9.5℃)

结构的三个层次：构造、构型和构象构造异构一一碳干异构、位置异构、官能团异构构型异构一一对映异构和非对映异构构象异构

结构的三个层次：构造、构型和构象 构造异构——碳干异构、位置异构、官能团异构 构型异构——对映异构和非对映异构 构象异构

1.3 Types of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms10CH31030201410CH3—CH2—CH-C=CH3CH3CH31010

1.3 Types of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms CH3 CH2 CH C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 o 2 o 3 o 4 o

2 Nomenclature of alkanes2.1 Common name正丁烷CH:CHCH,CH3正十四烷CH3(CH2)12CH3异己烷CH3CHCH,CH2CH3CH3

2 Nomenclature of alkanes 2.1 Common name CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 正丁烷 CH3(CH2) 12 CH3 正十四烷 CH3 CHCH2 CH2 CH3 异己烷 CH3

2.2 Systemic name (IUPAC name)Alkyl groups:结构英文名中文名甲基methylCH3-CH3CH2-乙基ethyl一正丙基propylCH3CH2CH2-CH3CH-一异丙基isopropylCH3

2.2 Systemic name (IUPAC name) Alkyl groups： 结构 中文名 英文名 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH CH3 甲基 乙基 正丙基 异丙基 methyl ethyl propyl isopropyl

丁基n-butylCHCH,CH,CH2-CH3CHCH2异丁基i-butylCH3CH3CH2CH-仲丁基sec-butylCH3CH3CCH3叔丁基tert-butylCH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CHCH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 丁基 异丁基 仲丁基 叔丁基 n-butyl i-butyl sec-butyl tert-butyl